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Volume 16
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10.3390/genes16060693
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Swertianin Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via PPARG Activation

by
Jing Xia
1,2,
Wei Xiong
1,2,
Ce Yang
1,3,
Ying Tan
1,4,
Xiaoyuan Peng
1,3 and
Wenxiang Wang
1,3,*
1
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 404120, China
2
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
3
College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
4
College of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2025, 16(6), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060693
Submission received: 21 February 2025 / Revised: 23 May 2025 / Accepted: 24 May 2025 / Published: 6 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with immune dysregulation and macrophage-driven inflammation. The activation of PPARG plays a critical role in modulating macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for MASLD. Methods: We used UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and network pharmacology to investigate the key components and targets of Swertia davidi Franch, focusing on Swertianin. In vitro experiments on macrophages were conducted to assess the modulation of M1 polarization, and a mouse model of MASLD was utilized to explore the therapeutic effects of Swertianin. Results: Swertianin activated PPARG, leading to significant inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization, a reduction in lipid accumulation, and decreased inflammatory marker levels both in vitro and in vivo. The treatment significantly improved liver pathology in mice, indicating its therapeutic potential for MASLD. Conclusion: Swertianin’s activation of PPARG provides a novel mechanism for treating MASLD, targeting both macrophage polarization and inflammation.
Keywords: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; Swertianin; macrophage polarization; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; inflammation metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; Swertianin; macrophage polarization; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xia, J.; Xiong, W.; Yang, C.; Tan, Y.; Peng, X.; Wang, W. Swertianin Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via PPARG Activation. Genes 2025, 16, 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060693

AMA Style

Xia J, Xiong W, Yang C, Tan Y, Peng X, Wang W. Swertianin Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via PPARG Activation. Genes. 2025; 16(6):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060693

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xia, Jing, Wei Xiong, Ce Yang, Ying Tan, Xiaoyuan Peng, and Wenxiang Wang. 2025. "Swertianin Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via PPARG Activation" Genes 16, no. 6: 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060693

APA Style

Xia, J., Xiong, W., Yang, C., Tan, Y., Peng, X., & Wang, W. (2025). Swertianin Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via PPARG Activation. Genes, 16(6), 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060693

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