Molecular Genetics and Complex Inheritance of Congenital Heart Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for CHD
2.1. Epidemiology: Prevalence and Comorbidities
2.2. Non-Genetic Risk Factors: Maternal Exposures, Illnesses, Infectious Agents
3. Genetic Risk Factors and Relevant Biological Pathways
3.1. Aneuploidies and Copy Number Variations
3.2. De Novo Mutations
3.3. Transmitted Mutations
3.4. Biological Pathways
4. Genetic Modifiers and Complex Genetic Inheritance
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diab, N.S.; Barish, S.; Dong, W.; Zhao, S.; Allington, G.; Yu, X.; Kahle, K.T.; Brueckner, M.; Jin, S.C. Molecular Genetics and Complex Inheritance of Congenital Heart Disease. Genes 2021, 12, 1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071020
Diab NS, Barish S, Dong W, Zhao S, Allington G, Yu X, Kahle KT, Brueckner M, Jin SC. Molecular Genetics and Complex Inheritance of Congenital Heart Disease. Genes. 2021; 12(7):1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071020
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiab, Nicholas S., Syndi Barish, Weilai Dong, Shujuan Zhao, Garrett Allington, Xiaobing Yu, Kristopher T. Kahle, Martina Brueckner, and Sheng Chih Jin. 2021. "Molecular Genetics and Complex Inheritance of Congenital Heart Disease" Genes 12, no. 7: 1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071020