Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. MRI Data Acquisition
2.3. Cortical Surface Reconstruction Using FreeSurfer
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.5. Gene Expression Decoding Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subject Demographics
Intra-Individual Differences in RBS-R Total Severity Scores over Time
3.2. Between-Group Differences in CTspc
3.3. Brain–Behavioural Correlations
3.4. Association between a Longitudinal Change in CT and a Change in Repetitive Behaviors
3.5. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ASD (n = 33) | TD Controls (n = 37) | Group Comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | x2 | p | |||
Age [years] | |||||
T1 | 14.48 ± 2.51 | 13.76 ± 2.36 | 1.25 | 0.22 | |
T2 | 16.61 ± 2.47 | 15.89 ± 2.45 | 1.21 | 0.23 | |
Interscan-Interval (ISI) [years] | 2.07 ± 0.28 | 2.06 ± 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.87 | |
Sex (male/female) | 27/6 | 30/7 | <0.001 | 1.00 | |
Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) | 101.38 ± 13.19 | 107.07 ± 11.52 | −1.91 | 0.06 | |
Handedness (right/left) | 29/4 | 34/3 | 0.025 | 0.87 | |
ADI-R Social Interaction | 17.06 ± 4.96 | - | |||
ADI-R Communication | 13.06 ± 4.12 | - | |||
ADI-R Repetitive Behaviors | 4.76 ± 2.50 | - | |||
ADOS CSS | |||||
T1 | 5.79 ± 2.71 | - | |||
T2 1 | 5.95 ± 2.22 | - | |||
RBS-R total | |||||
T1 | 25.18 ± 18.80 | 2.11 ± 3.67 | 6.9 | <0.001 *** | |
T2 | 22.48 ± 17.21 | 2.30 ± 4.07 | 6.58 | <0.001 *** | |
∆(T2-T1) | −2.70 ± 16.00 | +0.19 ± 3.01 | −1.02 | 0.3148 | |
RBS-R persistent | |||||
T1 | 16.88 ± 11.26 | 1.59 ± 2.85 | 7.59 | <0.001 *** | |
T2 | 14.97 ± 10.39 | 1.81 ± 03.23 | 6.98 | <0.001 *** | |
∆(T2-T1) | 1.91 ± 9.43 | −0.22 ± 2.27 | 1.26 | 0.22 | |
RBS-R stereotyped | |||||
T1 | 3.06 ± 3.18 | 0.30 ± 0.62 | 4.91 | <0.001 *** | |
T2 | 2.70 ± 3.66 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | 4.09 | <0.001 *** | |
∆(T2-T1) | 0.36 ± 3.63 | 0.22 ± 0.67 | 0.23 | 0.82 | |
RBS-R self-injurious | |||||
T1 | 0.88 ± 2.16 | 0.05 ± 0.23 | 2.18 | <0.001 *** | |
T2 | 1.06 ± 1.84 | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 3.22 | <0.001 *** | |
∆(T2-T1) | −0.18 ± 2.51 | 0.03 ± 0.29 | −0.48 | 0.64 | |
RBS-R compulsive | |||||
T1 | 4.36 ± 5.17 | 0.16 ± 0.60 | 4.64 | <0.001 *** | |
T2 | 3.76 ± 4.57 | 0.38 ± 1.14 | 4.14 | <0.001 *** | |
∆(T2-T1) | 0.61 ± 3.17 | −0.22 ± 0.71 | 1.46 | 0.15 | |
Total Brain Volume [l] | |||||
T1 | 1.18 ± 1.00 | 1.24 ± 0.94 | −2.60 | <0.05 * | |
T2 | 1.17 ± 0.10 | 1.23 ± 0.10 | −2.49 | <0.05 * | |
∆(T2-T1) | −0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.20 | 0.8445 | |
Total Surface Area [m2] | |||||
T1 | 0.18 ± 0.015 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | −2.33 | <0.05 * | |
T2 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | −2.28 | <0.05 * | |
∆(T2-T1) | −0.02 ± 0.002 | −0.002 ± 0.002 | −0.16 | 0.877 | |
Mean Cortical Thickness [mm] | |||||
T1 | 2.75 ± 0.10 | 2.78 ± 0.08 | −1.15 | 0.2555 | |
T2 | 2.68 ± 0.08 | 2.70 ± 0.08 | −0.81 | 0.4221 | |
∆(T2-T1) | −0.07 ± 0.05 | −0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.89 | 0.3759 |
Contrast | Cluster | Region Labels | Hemisphere | BA | Vertices | Talairach | tmax | pcluster | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | ||||||||
ASD > Control | ||||||||||
1 | Superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital frontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex | R | 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 24, 32, 33 | 2358 | 10 | 50 | 11 | 5.07 | 9.59 × 10−5 | |
2 | Lateral orbital frontal cortex, rostral middle frontal gyrus | R | 9–11, 45–47 | 1716 | 25 | 44 | −10 | 3.99 | 8.27 × 10−4 | |
3 | Superior frontal gyrus | L | 4, 6, 8, 10 | 1662 | −16 | 37 | 41 | 3.13 | 9.83 × 10-−4 | |
4 | Fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus | L | 20, 28, 34–37 | 1374 | −23 | −24 | 16 | 2.94 | 4.83 × 10−3 | |
5 | Lateral orbital frontal cortex, rostral middle frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis | L | 6, 8–11, 45–47 | 966 | −22 | 43 | −12 | 3.32 | 1.87 × 10−2 | |
6 | Middle temporal gyrus | L | 21 | 1318 | −48 | −13 | −14 | 3.01 | 2.18 × 10−2 | |
ASD < Control | ||||||||||
7 | Insula | L | 13 | 580 | −35 | −4 | −6 | −1.67 | 3.84 × 10−2 |
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Bieneck, V.; Bletsch, A.; Mann, C.; Schäfer, T.; Seelemeyer, H.; Herøy, N.; Zimmermann, J.; Pretzsch, C.M.; Hattingen, E.; Ecker, C. Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. Genes 2021, 12, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122024
Bieneck V, Bletsch A, Mann C, Schäfer T, Seelemeyer H, Herøy N, Zimmermann J, Pretzsch CM, Hattingen E, Ecker C. Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. Genes. 2021; 12(12):2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122024
Chicago/Turabian StyleBieneck, Valentina, Anke Bletsch, Caroline Mann, Tim Schäfer, Hanna Seelemeyer, Njål Herøy, Jennifer Zimmermann, Charlotte Marie Pretzsch, Elke Hattingen, and Christine Ecker. 2021. "Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors" Genes 12, no. 12: 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12122024