Diversity, Dispersal and Mode of Reproduction of Amanita exitialis in Southern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. DNA Extraction, Primer Selection and SNP Markers
2.3. Data and Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA)
2.3.2. STRUCTURE for Population Genetic Structure Analysis
2.3.3. Genetic Relationships among Fruiting Bodies
2.3.4. Mode of Reproduction in Nature
3. Results
3.1. Distributions of Multilocus Genotypes within and among Sites
3.2. AMOVA Analysis and Mantel Test Results
3.3. Genetic Clustering
3.4. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) Phylogenetic Tree and PCA Analysis
3.5. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | City | Location | Sample Size | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (above Sea Level) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Guangzhou | Duguting, Baiyunshan Mountain | 36 | 23.1674292 | 113.2971586 | 200–300 m |
B | Guangzhou | Guangzhou University of Foreign Studies | 4 | 23.1986838 | 113.2989164 | 0–50 m |
C | Guangzhou | South China Agricultural University | 27 | 23.1557492 | 113.3600235 | 0–50 m |
D | Guangzhou | Guangzhou Tianluhu Forest Park | 6 | 23.2227467 | 113.4248414 | 200–300 m |
E | Guangzhou | South China Botanical Garden | 8 | 23.1788847 | 113.3622869 | 0–50 m |
F | Guangzhou | BeeWorld, Baiyunshan District | 22 | 23.1963429 | 113.2928271 | 100–200 m |
G | Shenzhen | Fenghuangshan Forest Park | 15 | 22.6742000 | 113.8488670 | 100–200 m |
Source of Variation | d.f. | Sum of Squares | Variance Components | Percentage of Variation (%) | Fst | Nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Among-population | 6 | 71.906 | 11.984 | 19% | 0.191 *** | 1.056 |
Within-population | 111 | 282.780 | 2.548 | 81% | ||
Total | 117 | 354.686 | 100% |
Locus | Observed Heterozygotes | Expected Heterozygotes | Chi-Square Value |
---|---|---|---|
M12 | 73 | 49.640 | 21.849 *** |
C21 | 106 | 59.000 | 74.881 *** |
H11-300 | 64 | 53.809 | 5.104 * |
A31-88 | 0 | 5.847 | 118.000 *** |
A31-138 | 0 | 1.983 | 118.000 *** |
A31-425 | 3 | 46.182 | 103.167 *** |
A31-440 | 71 | 55.436 | 9.301 ** |
G24-106 | 6 | 11.390 | 26.424 *** |
G24-163 | 41 | 33.877 | 5.217 * |
G24-489 | 77 | 51.877 | 27.674 *** |
G24-600 | 106 | 58.390 | 78.453 *** |
G24-615 | 5 | 10.487 | 32.305 *** |
K47-355 | 103 | 58.962 | 65.826 *** |
K47-556 | 103 | 58.962 | 65.826 *** |
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Zhong, J.; Xu, J.; Zhang, P. Diversity, Dispersal and Mode of Reproduction of Amanita exitialis in Southern China. Genes 2021, 12, 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121907
Zhong J, Xu J, Zhang P. Diversity, Dispersal and Mode of Reproduction of Amanita exitialis in Southern China. Genes. 2021; 12(12):1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121907
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Juan, Jianping Xu, and Ping Zhang. 2021. "Diversity, Dispersal and Mode of Reproduction of Amanita exitialis in Southern China" Genes 12, no. 12: 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12121907