Increased Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in Early Stages of Wooden Breast Links Myopathy of Broilers to Metabolic Syndrome in Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals and Tissue Collection
2.2. Sample Selection and RNA-Sequencing
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Increased Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism
4.2. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis
4.3. Increased Expression of Genes Related to Hypertrophy and Slow-Twitch Muscle
4.4. Comparison with Prior Gene Expression Study of Early Stages of Wooden Breast
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene ID | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Log2FC Galgal5 | Log2FC GRCg6a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genes up-regulated in affected group | ||||
ENSGALG00000046652 | - | - | 1.55 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000052084 | - | - | n.s. | 2.06 |
ENSGALG00000006491 | ANKRD1 | Ankyrin repeat domain 1 | 1.28 | 0.99 |
ENSGALG00000049422 * | ATF3 | Activating transcription factor 3 | 1.04 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000009846 | BBS5 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 | 0.76 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000017040 | C4A | Complement C4A (Rodgers blood group) | 1.24 | 0.96 |
ENSGALG00000008439 | CD36 | CD36 molecule | 0.87 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000046316 | CFAP97D1 | CFAP97 domain containing 1 | 1.14 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000027874 | CHAC1 | ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 | 1.99 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000037856 | CHL1 | Cell adhesion molecule L1 like | 1.44 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000034500 | CIDEA | Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a | 1.51 | 1.22 |
ENSGALG00000012790 | DSP | Desmoplakin | 1.50 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000015876 | ELOVL4 | ELOVL fatty acid elongase 4 | 2.19 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000001204 | ENKD1 | Enkurin domain containing 1 | 2.07 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000008563 | ENTPD6 | Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6 | 0.80 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000037050 | FABP3 | Fatty acid-binding protein 3 | 0.77 | 0.72 |
ENSGALG00000030025 | FABP4 | Fatty acid-binding protein 4 | 1.74 | 1.52 |
ENSGALG00000013100 | GRB10 | Growth factor receptor bound protein 10 | 0.77 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000011404 | HOPX | HOP (homeodomain-only protein) homeobox | 1.19 | 1.04 |
ENSGALG00000023818 | HSPB9 | Heat shock protein family B (small) member 9 | 1.14 | 1.13 |
ENSGALG00000032672 | KRT5 | Keratin 5 | n.s. | 1.68 |
ENSGALG00000016174 | LMBRD1 | LMBR1 domain containing 1 | 0.87 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000008805 | LMOD2 | Leiomodin 2 | 1.39 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000021286 | LOC427654 | Parvalbumin beta-like | 2.36 | 2.36 |
ENSGALG00000023819 | LOC772158 | Heat shock protein 30C-like | 0.74 | 0.76 |
ENSGALG00000015425 | LPL | Lipoprotein lipase | 0.80 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000043582 | LY6CLEL | Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E-like | 2.25 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000036004 | MRPL34 | Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L34 | n.s. | 0.82 |
ENSGALG00000001709 | MUSTN1 | Musculoskeletal, embryonic nuclear protein 1 | n.s. | 1.30 |
ENSGALG00000012783 | MYBPC1 | Myosin-binding protein-C, slow type | 1.49 | 1.17 |
ENSGALG00000003323 | NECAB2 | N-terminal EF-hand calcium binding protein 2 | n.s. | 1.10 |
ENSGALG00000053246 * | OCM2 | Oncomodulin 2 | 0.78 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000013414 | PDLIM3 | PDZ and LIM domain 3 | 0.75 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000027207 | PERP2 | PERP2, TP53 apoptosis effector | 1.29 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000004974 | PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | 0.89 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000040434 | RAB18L | Ras-related protein Rab-18-B-like | 1.23 | 1.09 |
ENSGALG00000043694 | RAPGEF4 | Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 | 1.24 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000002637 | RBP7 | Retinol-binding protein 7 | 1.96 | 1.65 |
ENSGALG00000025650 | RF00009 | Ribonuclease P RNA component H1, 2 pseudogene | n.s. | 0.75 |
ENSGALG00000051839 | RF00012 | - | n.s. | 2.02 |
ENSGALG00000047347 * | RF00017 | - | 1.38 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000025557 | RF00030 | - | n.s. | 0.88 |
ENSGALG00000054841* | RF0017 | - | 0.83 | 1.46 |
ENSGALG00000005140 | RRAD | RRAD (Ras-related associated with diabetes), Ras-related glycolysis inhibitor and calcium channel regulator | 1.63 | 1.20 |
ENSGALG00000051456 | RTN2 | Reticulon 2 | n.s. | 1.00 |
ENSGALG00000009400 | SLC8A3 | Solute carrier family 8 member A3 | 0.70 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000042863 | SMIM4 | Small integral membrane protein 4 | n.s. | 0.87 |
ENSGALG00000019157 | SMPX | Small muscle protein X-linked | 0.94 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000009037 | SPTLC3 | Serine palmitoyltransferase long-chain base subunit 3 | 2.47 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000031117 | STK17A | Serine/threonine kinase 17a | 0.92 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000021231 | TMEM254 | Transmembrane protein 254 | 1.05 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000014261 | UCHL1 | Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 | 1.07 | 0.94 |
Genes down-regulated in affected group | ||||
ENSGALG00000025945 * | AVD | Avidin | −1.58 | −1.69 |
ENSGALG00000033932 | BF1 | MHC BF1 class I | −0.84 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000006681 | BRSK2 | BR serine/threonine kinase 2 | −2.50 | −2.77 |
ENSGALG00000032220 | ELN | Elastin | n.s. | −1.17 |
ENSGALG00000035309 | HBE | Hemoglobin subunit epsilon | −1.59 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000002708 | LINGO1 | Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing nogo receptor-interacting protein 1 | −0.78 | −0.77 |
ENSGALG00000006520 | MYH11 | Myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle | −0.95 | n.s. |
ENSGALG00000013045 | TUBA8B | Tubulin, alpha 8b | −1.67 | n.s. |
Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Connection | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
ANKRD1 | Ankyrin repeat domain 1 | Expression | [21] |
ATF3 | Activating transcription factor 3 | Expression | [22] |
BBS5 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 | Genetic variant | [19] |
BF1 | MHC BF1 class I | Expression | [23] |
BRSK2 | BR serine/threonine kinase 2 | Expression | [24] |
C4A | Complement C4A (Rodgers blood group) | Expression | [25] |
C4A | Complement C4A (Rodgers blood group) | Genetic variant | [24] |
CD36 | CD36 molecule | Expression | [26,27] |
CIDEA | Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a | Expression | [28] |
ENTPD6 | Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6 (putative) | Genetic variant | [29] |
FABP3 | Fatty acid-binding protein 3 | Expression | [30] |
FABP4 | Fatty acid-binding protein 4 | Expression | [30,31,32] |
GRB10 | Growth factor receptor bound protein 10 | Expression | [33,34] |
LINGO1 | Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing nogo receptor-interacting protein 1 | Genetic variant | [35,36] |
LMBRD1 | LMBR1 domain containing 1 | Expression | [27] |
LMOD2 | Leiomodin 2 | Genetic variant | [37] |
LPL | Lipoprotein lipase | Expression | [32,38] |
LPL | Lipoprotein lipase | Genetic variant | [39] |
MRPL34 | Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L34 | Expression | [40,41] |
MYH11 | Myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle | Expression | [26] |
PDLIM3 | PDZ and LIM domain 3 | Genetic variant | [37] |
PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | Expression | [32,42] |
PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | Genetic variant | [43,44,45,46,47] |
RAB18L | Ras-related protein Rab-18-B-like | Expression | [48] |
RAPGEF4 | Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 | Expression | [49] |
RBP7 | Retinol-binding protein 7 | Expression | [50] |
RRAD | RRAD, Ras-related glycolysis inhibitor and calcium channel regulator | Expression | [26] |
RTN2 | Reticulon 2 | Genetic variant | [24] |
UCHL1 | Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 | Expression | [51] |
Biopsy Age | No. Genes | Gene Symbols |
---|---|---|
2 weeks | 4 | ANKRD1, ATF3, CHAC1, RAPGEF4 |
3 weeks | 18 | AVD, BBS5, CD36, CHAC1, CIDEA, FABP4, HOPX, LINGO1, LMOD2, LPL, MYBPC1, OCM2, RAPGEF4, RBP7, RRAD, SMPX, STK17A, UCHL1 |
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Lake, J.A.; Papah, M.B.; Abasht, B. Increased Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in Early Stages of Wooden Breast Links Myopathy of Broilers to Metabolic Syndrome in Humans. Genes 2019, 10, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100746
Lake JA, Papah MB, Abasht B. Increased Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in Early Stages of Wooden Breast Links Myopathy of Broilers to Metabolic Syndrome in Humans. Genes. 2019; 10(10):746. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100746
Chicago/Turabian StyleLake, Juniper A., Michael B. Papah, and Behnam Abasht. 2019. "Increased Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in Early Stages of Wooden Breast Links Myopathy of Broilers to Metabolic Syndrome in Humans" Genes 10, no. 10: 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100746