Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Reverses Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Blocking Autophagy Recycling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Sulforhodamine B-Cell Proliferation Assay
2.3. Western Blot Analysis
2.4. Mitochondrial Function Analysis
2.5. Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (∆ψm)
2.6. Determination of Autophagy
2.7. Immunohistochemistry
2.8. Xenograft Tumor Models
2.9. Establishment of Resistant Cell
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Autophagy and Mitochondrial OxPhos Markedly Increases in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
3.2. OxPhos Inhibition by Gossypol and Phenformin Reverses Anticancer Drug Resistance
3.3. OxPhos Inhibition Promotes Chemotherapy Efficacy in Various Cancer Cells
3.4. Anticancer Drug Treatment Combined with Phenformin and Gossypol Suppress the Growth of Tumors in a Mouse Xenograft Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, J.-S.; Lee, H.; Jang, H.; Woo, S.M.; Park, J.B.; Lee, S.-H.; Kang, J.H.; Kim, H.Y.; Song, J.; Kim, S.-Y. Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Reverses Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Blocking Autophagy Recycling. Cells 2020, 9, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092013
Lee J-S, Lee H, Jang H, Woo SM, Park JB, Lee S-H, Kang JH, Kim HY, Song J, Kim S-Y. Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Reverses Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Blocking Autophagy Recycling. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092013
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jae-Seon, Ho Lee, Hyonchol Jang, Sang Myung Woo, Jong Bae Park, Seon-Hyeong Lee, Joon Hee Kang, Hee Yeon Kim, Jaewhan Song, and Soo-Youl Kim. 2020. "Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Reverses Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Blocking Autophagy Recycling" Cells 9, no. 9: 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092013