IL-1β and TNF-α Modulation of Proliferated and Committed Myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins as Key Actors in the Mechanisms Involved
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. C2C12 Culture and Pro-Inflammatory Stimulus
2.2. Assessment of Cell Proliferation by BrdU Incorporation
Treatment with Inhibitors
2.3. Measurements of Prostaglandin Release by ELISA
2.4. Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Expression by Western Blotting
2.5. Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression by Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.6. Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors
2.7. Myokines Release by Multiplex
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proliferative Effects of IL-1β and TNF-α Occur through the IL-6 Receptor
3.2. COX-2 Pathway Is Involved in IL-1β-Induced Proliferation
3.2.1. IL-1β but Not TNF-α Induced the Release of COX-Derived Mediators
3.2.2. IL-1β but Not TNF-α Induces COX-2 Expression
3.2.3. IL-1β Induces Proliferation through the Synthesis of COX-2-Derived Mediators
3.3. IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 Can Modulate the Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors in Both Proliferated and Committed Cells Displaying Distinct Effects
3.4. IL-1β and TNF-α Positively Modulate the Production of Myokines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gen Name | Primer Sequence |
---|---|
Cox2 | F: TTCCAATCCATGTCAAAACCGT |
R: AGTCCGGGTACAGTCACACTT | |
GAPDH | F: AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG |
R: TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA |
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Alvarez, A.M.; DeOcesano-Pereira, C.; Teixeira, C.; Moreira, V. IL-1β and TNF-α Modulation of Proliferated and Committed Myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins as Key Actors in the Mechanisms Involved. Cells 2020, 9, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092005
Alvarez AM, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Teixeira C, Moreira V. IL-1β and TNF-α Modulation of Proliferated and Committed Myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins as Key Actors in the Mechanisms Involved. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092005
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlvarez, Angela M., Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira, Catarina Teixeira, and Vanessa Moreira. 2020. "IL-1β and TNF-α Modulation of Proliferated and Committed Myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins as Key Actors in the Mechanisms Involved" Cells 9, no. 9: 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092005