Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mariculture, Sample Collection
2.2. Behavioral Test
2.3. Histology and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.4. Neural Complex Three-Dimensional Reconstructions
2.5. Bioinformatic Analyses
2.5.1. Gene Counts
2.5.2. Gene Ontology
2.5.3. Heatmaps
3. Results
3.1. Adult Zooid Resorption Is Accompanied by Behavioral Impairment at Takeover
3.2. At Takeover, the Neural Complex Progressively Is Infiltrated by Immunocytes, Reduces in Size and Loses Its Organization
3.3. Apoptosis, Regulated Necrosis, and Autophagy Characterize the Neural Complex Degeneration
3.4. Transcriptome Analyses Suggest That Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Lysosomal Cell Death, and Autophagy Are Involved in Neurodegeneration
3.5. Genes Associated with Conformational Disorders Are Differentially Expressed during Neurodegeneration
4. Discussion
4.1. Cell Death in B. schlosseri: A Cyclical Natural Event for Colony Survival
4.2. Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Autophagy Are Displayed by the Degenerating Neural Complex
4.3. A Conformational Disorder-Like Process Characterizes Neurodegeneration in B. schlosseri
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sub-Stage | Duration | Description |
---|---|---|
111 | 2–4 h | Onset of takeover, recognizable by adult zooid siphon retraction and closure |
112 | 4–7 h | General shrinkage of regressing zooids that progressively reduce their dimension |
113 | 12–16 h | Further contraction of regressing zooids that in length are about half of their primary buds; inner organs, other than the beating heart, are no longer recognizable; zooids converge progressively toward the system center, in ventral position with respect to their growing primary buds |
114 | 6–9 h | Regressing zooids are spherical dark masses at the system center; their hearts do not beat |
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Anselmi, C.; Caicci, F.; Bocci, T.; Guidetti, M.; Priori, A.; Giusti, V.; Levy, T.; Raveh, T.; Voskoboynik, A.; Weissman, I.L.; et al. Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate. Cells 2023, 12, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12071041
Anselmi C, Caicci F, Bocci T, Guidetti M, Priori A, Giusti V, Levy T, Raveh T, Voskoboynik A, Weissman IL, et al. Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate. Cells. 2023; 12(7):1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12071041
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnselmi, Chiara, Federico Caicci, Tommaso Bocci, Matteo Guidetti, Alberto Priori, Veronica Giusti, Tom Levy, Tal Raveh, Ayelet Voskoboynik, Irving L. Weissman, and et al. 2023. "Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate" Cells 12, no. 7: 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12071041