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Review

High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

by
Ida Judyta Malesza
1,†,
Michał Malesza
2,†,
Jarosław Walkowiak
1,
Nadiar Mussin
3,
Dariusz Walkowiak
4,
Raisa Aringazina
5,
Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek
2,† and
Edyta Mądry
2,*,†
1
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
2
Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
3
Department of General Surgery, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
4
Department of Organization and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
5
Department of Internal Diseases No. 1, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cells 2021, 10(11), 3164; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164
Submission received: 9 October 2021 / Revised: 7 November 2021 / Accepted: 12 November 2021 / Published: 14 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota, Inflammation and Systemic Diseases)
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Abstract

The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.
Keywords: postprandial inflammation; endotoxemia; TLR4; NF-κB; dysbiosis; leaky gut; LPS; bile acids; oxidative stress; endoplasmic reticulum stress postprandial inflammation; endotoxemia; TLR4; NF-κB; dysbiosis; leaky gut; LPS; bile acids; oxidative stress; endoplasmic reticulum stress

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MDPI and ACS Style

Malesza, I.J.; Malesza, M.; Walkowiak, J.; Mussin, N.; Walkowiak, D.; Aringazina, R.; Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J.; Mądry, E. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells 2021, 10, 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164

AMA Style

Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J, Mussin N, Walkowiak D, Aringazina R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Mądry E. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells. 2021; 10(11):3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malesza, Ida Judyta, Michał Malesza, Jarosław Walkowiak, Nadiar Mussin, Dariusz Walkowiak, Raisa Aringazina, Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, and Edyta Mądry. 2021. "High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review" Cells 10, no. 11: 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164

APA Style

Malesza, I. J., Malesza, M., Walkowiak, J., Mussin, N., Walkowiak, D., Aringazina, R., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., & Mądry, E. (2021). High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells, 10(11), 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113164

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