Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History of Cell-in-Cell Structures
3. General CIC Classification
4. Detailed CIC Characterization
4.1. Cell Cannibalism
4.2. Phagoptosis
4.3. Enclysis
4.4. Emperipolesis
4.5. Entosis
4.6. CIC, Entosis, and Autophagy
4.7. Unclassifiable CIC Structures
5. Concluding Remarks: CICs in Physiology and Pathology
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis of Cell-in-Cell Literature | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keyword in Abstract or in Any Field | Cell-in-Cell (in Abstract) | Entosis | Cell Cannibalism (in Abstract) | Phagoptosis | Enclysis | Emperipolesis | Total |
Number of publications including the selected phrase | 115 | 172 | 147 | 34 | 4 | 540 | 1012 |
Total number of citations | 2721 | 6036 | 3790 | 1655 | 16 | 6047 | 20,265 |
Average citation per item | 23.66 | 35.09 | 25.78 | 48.68 | 4.00 | 11.20 | 20.02 |
Macropinocytosis | Enclysis | |
---|---|---|
Endocytosed material | Extracellular fluid and proteins dissolved in it | CD4+ T Lymphocyte |
Effector cells | Various (best studied in cancers) | Hepatocytes |
Involved proteins | Ras pathway, PI3-K pathway, β-catenin dependent WNT pathway | ICAM-1, β-catenin |
Possible roles | Nutrient uptake | Modulating lymphocyte population |
Cancer Type | CIC Distribution | Ref |
---|---|---|
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Lymph nodes metastases, the average CIC numbers were significantly lower than in the corresponding primary tumors | [89] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | In the central tumor area, the average value of CIC structures was higher than in the invasive front | [88,89] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | CIC positivity was significantly more prevalent in liver metastases | [16] |
Cell-in-Cell Structures | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structure | Cell Cannibalism | Phagoptosis | Enclysis | Emperipolesis | Entosis | ||
In General | Suicidal | Emperitosis | |||||
First description | 1904 | 2012 (name proposed) | 2019 | 1956 | 2011 | 2013 | 2007 |
Mechanism | Endocytic (phagocytosis-like) | Endocytic (phagocytosis-like) | Endocytic (pinocytosis-like) | Invasive | Invasive | Invasive | Invasive |
Type | Homotypic or heterotypic | Heterotypic | Heterotypic | Heterotypic | Heterotypic | Heterotypic | Homotypic |
Outer cell | Cancerous cell, e.g., melanoma | Macrophage, microglia | Hepatocyte | Cancerous cell or megakaryocyte | Hepatocyte | Cancerous cell | Cancerous cell |
Inner cell | Cancerous cell, leukocyte, mesenchymal stem cell | Various, e.g., leukocyte or neuron | CD4+ T lymphocyte | Leukocyte or erythrocyte | CD8+ T lymphocyte | NK cell | Cancerous cell |
Fate of the engulfed cell | Lysosome-mediated cell death | Lysosome-mediated cell death | Lysosome-mediated cell death (usually Tregs) or escape (usually non-Tregs) | Cell death, mitosis, or escape | Cell death | Apoptotic cell death | Cell death, mitosis, or escape |
Triggering factors | Starvation, acidic environment | Presence of “eat me” or lack of “do not eat me” signals (PS, lack of CD47) on an inner cell’s surface | N/D * | N/D | N/D | N/D | Matrix detachment, starvation, mitosis |
Involved molecules | Ezrin, caveolin-1, TM9SF4 | PS, antibody, and CD47 receptors | ICAM-1, β-catenin | (Refer to suicidal emperipolesis and emperitosis) | Ezrin, F-actin, CD44 | Ezrin, E-cadherin, ICAM-2 | E-cadherin, ezrin, Rho-ROCK-actin/myosin pathway |
Possible biological functions | Enhancing survival of tumor cells by acquiring nutrients, immune escape, or entering senescence | Removal of aging erythrocytes and cancerous cells | Modulation of lymphocyte subpopulations (strengthening of the immune response) | (Refer to suicidal emperipolesis and emperitosis); destruction of cancerous cells, viral transmission, platelet membrane circulation | Autoreactive T lymphocyte deletion | Immune escape | Removal of aneuploid cells or enhancing cancer survival |
Clinical occurrence | Metastatic melanoma | Cell turnover, Alzheimer’s disease | The process was reported in healthy individuals | Rosai–Dorfman disease | Autoimmune hepatitis | N/D | Nasopharyngeal, breast, lung, pancreatic cancer |
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Borensztejn, K.; Tyrna, P.; Gaweł, A.M.; Dziuba, I.; Wojcik, C.; Bialy, L.P.; Mlynarczuk-Bialy, I. Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance. Cells 2021, 10, 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102569
Borensztejn K, Tyrna P, Gaweł AM, Dziuba I, Wojcik C, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102569
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorensztejn, Karol, Paweł Tyrna, Agata M. Gaweł, Ireneusz Dziuba, Cezary Wojcik, Lukasz P. Bialy, and Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy. 2021. "Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance" Cells 10, no. 10: 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102569
APA StyleBorensztejn, K., Tyrna, P., Gaweł, A. M., Dziuba, I., Wojcik, C., Bialy, L. P., & Mlynarczuk-Bialy, I. (2021). Classification of Cell-in-Cell Structures: Different Phenomena with Similar Appearance. Cells, 10(10), 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102569