Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiments
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Weed Species | Short Description | Thousand Seed Weight (g) | Size | Plant Height |
---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (cm) | |||
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. | Spikelet with one seed and with a 5–6 mm awn | 2.0 | 5.7 × 1.9 × 0.9 | 20−60 |
Centaurea cyanus L. | Seed with stiff hairs (4 mm) at the apex | 4.5 | 2.4 × 1.7 × 1.2 | 20−80 |
Geranium pusillum L. | Cross-section round | 1.1 | 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1 | 5−30 |
Lapsana communis L. | Cross-section oval to elliptic | 1.1 | 3.7 × 0.9 × 0.6 | 20−120 |
Lolium perenne L. | Cross-section c-shaped | 2.0 | 6.6 × 1.4 × 1.0 | 20−-60 |
Rumex × crispus L. | Cross-section triangular | 1.4 | 2.2 × 1.5 × 1.5 | 40−100 |
Spergula arvensis L. | Cross-section oval | 0.5 | 1.2 × 1.2 × 0.8 | 10−30 |
Tripleurospermum inodorum (L) Sch. Bip. | Cross-section triangular to square | 0.4 | 1.8 × 0.7 × 0.7 | 20−80 |
Engine Setting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Idle | 30% | 50% | 100% | |
Temperature | °C | 75 or 85 | 110 | 140 | 220 |
Air speed | m s−1 | 21.4 | 23.8 | 24.0 | 38.0 |
Air flow | L min−1 | 508 | 565 | 570 | 902 |
Treatment at 75 °C in Series 1 and 85 °C in Series 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2 s | 4 s | 6 s | ||||||
Species | Series | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 1 | 66 (3) a | 4.2 (0.1) a | 85 (3) b | 4.9 (0.1) b | 86 (3) b | 4.8 (0.1) b | 82 (3) b | 5.1 (0.1) c |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 2 | 77 (3) a | 5.3 (0.1) a | 83 (3) ab | 5.2 (0.1) a | 85 (3) b | 5.2 (0.1) a | 81 (3) ab | 5.4 (0.1) a |
Centaurea cyanus | 1 | 93 (2) a | 1.3 (0.1) a | 96 (1) a | 1.9 (0.0) b | 96 (1) a | 2.1 (0.0) c | 98 (1) b | 2.5 (0.1) d |
Centaurea cyanus | 2 | 96 (1) a | 2.8 (0.0) a | 95 (2) a | 2.6 (0.1) b | 92 (2) a | 2.6 (0.0) b | 93 (2) a | 2.8 (0.0) a |
Geranium pusillum | 1 | 92 (2) a | 1.5 (0.1) a | 95 (2) a | 1.3 (0.0) b | 95 (2) a | 1.4 (0.0) a | 86 (3) b | 1.9 (0.1) c |
Geranium pusillum | 2 | 90 (2) a | 1.8 (0.0) a | 94 (2) a | 1.8 (0.0) a | 90 (2) a | 2.1 (0.0) b | 82 (3) b | 3.0 (0.1) c |
Lapsana communis | 1 | 95 (2) a | 4.1 (0.1) a | 98 (1) a | 4.5 (0.1) b | 96 (1) a | 6.5 (0.1) c | 71 (3) b | 9.1 (0.2) d |
Lapsana communis | 2 | 90 (2) a | 4.5 (0.1) a | 93 (2) a | 4.9 (0.1) b | 84 (3) ab | 9.3 (0.2) c | 47 (4) c | 12.3 (0.2) d |
Lolium perenne | 1 | 89 (2) a | 6.7 (0.1) a | 93 (2) a | 6.6 (0.1) a | 90 (2) a | 6.6 (0.1) a | 89 (2) a | 7.7 (0.1) b |
Lolium perenne | 2 | 85 (3) a | 6.8 (0.1) a | 91 (2) ab | 6.8 (0.1) a | 92 (2) b | 6.9 (0.1) a | 83 (3) ab | 7.7 (0.1) b |
Tripleurospermum inodorum | 1 | 94 (2) a | 2.5 (0.1) a | 97 (1) a | 1.9 (0.1) b | 96 (1) a | 3.6 (0.1) c | 83 (3) b | 6.9 (0.2) d |
Tripleurospermum inodorum | 2 | 92 (2) a | 3.9 (0.1) a | 92 (2) a | 4.3 (0.1) b | 80 (3) b | 9.8 (0.2) c | 64 (3) c | 10.8 (0.1) d |
Rumex crispus | 1 | 89 (2) a | 4.9 (0.1) a | 95 (2) b | 4.8 (0.1) a | 91 (2) ab | 5.5 (0.1) b | 78 (4) c | 8.5 (0.3) c |
Rumex crispus | 2 | 71 (3) a | 6.7 (0.1) a | 81 (3) b | 6.5 (0.1) a | 83 (3) b | 6.9 (0.1) b | 46 (4) c | 9.2 (0.3) c |
Spergula arvensis | 1 | 90 (2) a | 1.4 (0.1) a | 91 (2) a | 1.4 (0.0) a | 94 (2) ab | 1.5 (0.1) a | 70 (3) c | 4.2 (0.2) b |
Spergula arvensis | 2 | 87 (0) a | 2.9 (0.1) a | 92 (2) a | 2.9 (0.1) a | 66 (3) b | 5.8 (0.2) b | 52 (2) bc | 14.4 (3.3) c |
Treatment at 110 °C | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2 s | 4 s | 6 s | ||||||
Species | Series | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 1 | 66 (3) a | 4.2 (0.1) a | 72 (3) a | 5.6 (0.2) b | 15 (120) a | 19 (18.0) ab | - | - |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 2 | 77 (3) a | 5.3 (0.1) a | 67 (5) b | 6.9 (0.2) b | - | - | - | - |
Centaurea cyanus | 1 | 93 (2) a | 1.3 (0.1) a | 98 (1) b | 1.9 (0.0) b | 50 (161) ab | 24 (31.4) ab | - | - |
Centaurea cyanus | 2 | 96 (1) a | 2.8 (0.0) a | 93 (2) a | 2.7 (0.0) a | 18 (33) b | 19 (19.7) a | - | - |
Geranium pusillum | 1 | 92 (2) a | 1.5 (0.1) a | 89 (2) a | 1.6 (0.1) b | - | - | - | - |
Geranium pusillum | 2 | 90 (2) a | 1.8 (0.1) a | 70 (3) b | 2.8 (0.1) b | - | - | - | - |
Lapsana communis | 1 | 95 (2) a | 4.1 (0.1) a | 15 (5) b | 13.7 (1.7) b | 13 (30) b | 25 (12.2) ab | - | - |
Lapsana communis | 2 | 90 (2) a | 4.5 (0.1) a | 9 (2) b | 11.5 (0.9) b | - | - | - | - |
Lolium perenne | 1 | 89 (2) a | 6.7 (0.1) a | 67 (4) b | 9.6 (0.3) b | - | - | - | - |
Lolium perenne | 2 | 85 (3) a | 6.8 (0.1) a | 62 (4) b | 9.8 (0.3) b | - | - | - | - |
Tripleurospermum inodorum | 1 | 94 (2) a | 2.5 (0.1) a | 42 (4) b | 8.4 (0.2) b | - | - | - | - |
Tripleurospermum inodorum | 2 | 92 (2) a | 3.9 (0.1) a | 5 (1) b | 12.3 (0.3) b | - | - | - | - |
Rumex crispus | 1 | 89 (2) a | 4.9 (0.1) a | 75 (3) b | 7.2 (0.3) b | - | - | - | - |
Rumex crispus | 2 | 71 (3) a | 6.7 (0.1) a | 50 (4) b | 6.7 (0.2) a | - | - | - | - |
Spergula arvensis | 1 | 90 (2) a | 1.4 (0.1) a | 13 (5) b | 12.8 (2.6) b | - | - | 15 (351) a | 17 (7.5) b |
Spergula arvensis | 2 | 87 (0) a | 2.9 (0.1) a | 12 (2) b | 19 (18.5) a | - | - | - | - |
Treatment at 140 °C | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2 s | 4 s | 6 s | ||||||
Species | Series | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 | d | t50 |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 1 | 66 (3) a | 4.2 (0.1) a | 15 (10) b | 15.0 (3.7) b | - | - | - | - |
Alopecurus myosuroides | 2 | 77 (3) a | 5.3 (0.1) a | 19 (3) b | 10.9 (0.7) b | - | - | - | - |
Centaurea cyanus | 1 | 93 (3) a | 1.3 (0.1) a | 63 (7) b | 9.5 (1.1) b | 2.5 c | 12.5 c | - | - |
Centaurea cyanus | 2 | 96 (1) a | 2.8 (0.0) a | 47 (4) b | 7.3 (0.5) b | - | - | - | - |
Geranium pusillum | 1 | 92 (2) a | 1.5 (4.8) a | 13 (3) b | 16.0 (16.0) a | - | - | - | - |
Lolium perenne | 1 | 89 (2) a | 6.7 (8.0) a | 29 (108) a | 31.1 (31.1) a | - | - | - | - |
Lolium perenne | 2 | 85 (3) a | 6.8 (10.0) a | 1 (1) b | 13.5 (0.5) b | - | - | - | - |
Spergula arvensis | 1 | 90 (2) a | 1.4 (4.6) a | 41.2 (3.8) b | 6.8 (0.5) b | - | - | - | - |
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Jakobsen, K.; Jensen, J.A.; Bitarafan, Z.; Andreasen, C. Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester. Agronomy 2019, 9, 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090544
Jakobsen K, Jensen JA, Bitarafan Z, Andreasen C. Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090544
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakobsen, Klaus, Jakob A. Jensen, Zahra Bitarafan, and Christian Andreasen. 2019. "Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090544