Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Materials
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling and Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grain Yield and Yield Components
3.2. Total Water Consumption and WUE
3.3. Aboveground Dry Weight and P Uptake
3.4. Soil Available P and Inorganic N Content
3.5. Correlation Among Traits
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Irrigation, Phosphorus and Zeolite Application on Grain Yield
4.2. Effect of Irrigation, Phosphorus, and Zeolite Application on Water Use
4.3. Effect of Irrigation and Zeolite Application on P Uptake
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | df | GY | EP | SP | GFP | TGW | TWC | WUE | ADW | SPC | LPC | PPC | APU | SAP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | 1 | * | ** | * | ns | ns | ** | * | ns | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
I | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * |
Y × I | 2 | * | * | * | ns | ns | ** | * | ** | ns | ns | ** | ** | ns |
P | 1 | ** | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | ** | ** | * | * | ** |
Y × P | 1 | * | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | * | ns | ns |
I × P | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns |
Y × I × P | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | * |
Z | 1 | ** | ** | ** | ns | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** |
Y × Z | 1 | ** | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | * | ** | * | ns | * | ns |
I × Z | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
P × Z | 1 | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × I × Z | 2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × P × Z | 1 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * |
I × P × Z | 2 | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Y × I × P × Z | 2 | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ** | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Year | Irrigation Regime | Phosphorus Application | Zeolite Application | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Effective Panicles | Spikelets Per Panicle | Grain Filling Percentage (%) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 9.44c | 14.0bcd | 129.6e | 97.1a | 24.7a |
Z15 | 10.40b | 14.8ab | 136.1de | 96.5a | 24.9a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 10.81b | 14.5abc | 147.3bc | 97.0a | 24.3a | ||
Z15 | 12.11a | 15.2a | 153.0ab | 96.9a | 25.4a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 8.72d | 13.2d | 130.9e | 97.0a | 24.3a | |
Z15 | 10.29b | 13.8cd | 141.7cd | 97.1a | 24.9a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 10.84b | 14.2bc | 152.7ab | 96.9a | 24.9a | ||
Z15 | 11.77a | 14.7abc | 159.5a | 96.8a | 25.0a | |||
2017 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 10.16d | 14.2c | 140.7d | 97.0a | 24.9a |
Z15 | 11.05c | 16.0ab | 155.0bc | 97.1a | 25.5a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 11.60b | 15.3abc | 158.8abc | 97.6a | 25.1a | ||
Z15 | 12.60a | 16.7a | 163.6a | 97.2a | 25.5a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 10.41d | 14.7bc | 141.5d | 97.4a | 24.6a | |
Z15 | 11.07c | 15.5abc | 153.2c | 97.4a | 24.9a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 11.64b | 15.7abc | 154.5bc | 97.5a | 24.4a | ||
Z15 | 12.49a | 16.7a | 162.1ab | 97.3a | 25.0a |
Year | Irrigation Regime | Phosphorus Application | Zeolite Application | TWC (103 m3 ha−1) | WUE (kg m−3) | ADW (t ha−1) | APU (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 7.03a | 1.34d | 16.4b | 27.4b |
Z15 | 7.03a | 1.48cd | 19.0a | 37.0a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 7.40a | 1.46cd | 18.3a | 33.0ab | ||
Z15 | 6.78ab | 1.79ab | 19.1a | 37.4a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 5.57c | 1.57bc | 15.5b | 26.3b | |
Z15 | 5.57c | 1.85a | 16.0b | 30.6ab | |||
P60 | Z0 | 6.02bc | 1.80a | 15.9b | 28.2b | ||
Z15 | 5.89c | 2.00a | 16.4b | 29.4b | |||
2017 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 7.88a | 1.29d | 16.4c | 39.7b |
Z15 | 7.71ab | 1.43cd | 19.4ab | 56.3ab | |||
P60 | Z0 | 7.68ab | 1.51bc | 17.4abc | 53.9ab | ||
Z15 | 7.93a | 1.59b | 19.9a | 69.3a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 7.17bc | 1.45bc | 18.1abc | 33.0b | |
Z15 | 7.32abc | 1.51bc | 18.5abc | 38.3b | |||
P60 | Z0 | 7.28abc | 1.60b | 16.8bc | 32.9b | ||
Z15 | 6.98c | 1.79a | 19.2abc | 44.2b |
Year | Irrigation Regime | Phosphorus Application | Zeolite Application | SPC (g kg−1) | LPC (g kg−1) | PPC (g kg−1) | SAP (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 0.41bcd | 0.29c | 2.93a | 20.0cd |
Z15 | 0.47ab | 0.37b | 3.15a | 21.7bc | |||
P60 | Z0 | 0.47abc | 0.47a | 2.88a | 21.7bc | ||
Z15 | 0.55a | 0.53a | 3.15a | 25.5a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 0.29e | 0.24c | 2.74a | 17.9d | |
Z15 | 0.35de | 0.36b | 3.00a | 19.7cd | |||
P60 | Z0 | 0.29e | 0.25c | 2.90a | 19.6cd | ||
Z15 | 0.37cde | 0.38b | 3.00a | 23.6ab | |||
2017 | CF | P0 | Z0 | 0.48c | 0.47abc | 3.94abc | 21.4ab |
Z15 | 0.52b | 0.49ab | 4.69abc | 26.4a | |||
P60 | Z0 | 0.52b | 0.45bcd | 5.13ab | 25.4a | ||
Z15 | 0.55a | 0.55a | 5.61a | 27.1a | |||
IAWD | P0 | Z0 | 0.33f | 0.33ef | 3.03c | 18.7b | |
Z15 | 0.35ef | 0.41cde | 3.36bc | 23.4ab | |||
P60 | Z0 | 0.36de | 0.32f | 3.20bc | 23.1ab | ||
Z15 | 0.36d | 0.38def | 3.78abc | 27.2a |
Traits | GY | TE | WUE | SPC | LPC | PPC | ADW | APU | SAP | NH4_30 | NO3_30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GY | 1 | ||||||||||
TE | 0.32 * | 1 | |||||||||
WUE | 0.45 ** | –0.70 ** | 1 | ||||||||
SPC | 0.41 ** | 0.63 ** | −0.28 ns | 1 | |||||||
LPC | 0.56 ** | 0.60 ** | −0.13 ns | 0.84 ** | 1 | ||||||
PPC | 0.47 ** | 0.58 ** | −0.19 ns | 0.59 ** | 0.60 ** | 1 | |||||
ADW | 0.53 ** | 0.58 ** | −0.17 ns | 0.54 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.43 ** | 1 | ||||
APU | 0.55 ** | 0.62 ** | −0.18 ns | 0.64 ** | 0.69 ** | 0.96 ** | 0.65 ** | 1 | |||
SAP | 0.78 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.13 ns | 0.58 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.64 ** | 1 | ||
NH4_30 | 0.53 ** | 0.33 * | 0.07 ns | 0.57 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.51 ** | 1 | |
NO3_30 | 0.35 * | −0.35 * | 0.58 ** | −0.34 * | −0.08 ns | −0.21 ns | 0.11 ns | −0.14 ns | 0.15 ns | 0.07 ns | 1 |
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Zheng, J.; Chen, T.; Chi, D.; Xia, G.; Wu, Q.; Liu, G.; Chen, W.; Meng, W.; Chen, Y.; Siddique, K.H.M. Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements. Agronomy 2019, 9, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090537
Zheng J, Chen T, Chi D, Xia G, Wu Q, Liu G, Chen W, Meng W, Chen Y, Siddique KHM. Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090537
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Junlin, Taotao Chen, Daocai Chi, Guimin Xia, Qi Wu, Guangyan Liu, Wei Chen, Weizhong Meng, Yinglong Chen, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. 2019. "Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090537