Bio-Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Climate of the Experimental Site
2.2. Floristic Surveys
2.3. Crop Yield
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Site Description and Plant Material Preparation for the Essential Oil Extraction
3.2. Climate Conditions
3.3. Field Experimetal Treatments
- T1 = 50% diluted oil of R. officinalis;
- T2= 50% diluted oil of O. vulgare;
- T3 = undiluted oil of R. officinalis;
- T4 = undiluted oil of O. vulgare;
- T5 = weeded manually (considered as weeded control).
3.4. Weed Survey
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Tmax | Tmin | P | EV | Tmax | Tmin | P | V |
(°C) | (°C) | (mm) | (mm) | (°C) | (°C) | (mm) | (mm) | |
October | 18.7 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 32.3 | 22.1 | 10.5 | 63.0 | 46.8 |
November | 15.3 | 5.5 | 64.5 | 18.8 | 16.0 | 8.7 | 110.5 | 19.2 |
December | 14.1 | 2.7 | 60.2 | 23.4 | 10.4 | 3.0 | 105.0 | 14.7 |
January | 10.9 | 0.1 | 92.2 | 26.9 | 10.8 | 2.4 | 64.7 | 12.9 |
February | 7.3 | -0.4 | 68.2 | 25.2 | 9.4 | 1.7 | 83.5 | 45.6 |
March | 16.4 | 4.5 | 39.5 | 60.7 | 13.8 | 4.5 | 53.0 | 44.5 |
April | 18.6 | 6.4 | 76.0 | 69.8 | 19.3 | 7.1 | 15.5 | 76.9 |
May | 23.0 | 9.6 | 28.2 | 113.0 | 22.7 | 10.4 | 32.7 | 104.0 |
June | 22.1 | 10.5 | 63.0 | 146.8 | 27.9 | 14.3 | 20.0 | 138.8 |
Mean | 16.3 | 5.5 | 16.9 | 7.0 | ||||
Total | 503.2 | 516.9 | 547.9 | 503.5 |
Treatment | Portulaca oleracea L. | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | Solanum nigrum L. | Convolvulus arvensis L. | Taraxacum officinale W. | Beta vulgaris L. | Eruca sativa L. | Silybum marianum L. | Lamium maculatum L. | Lactuca virosa L. | Avena spp L. | Veronica persica L. | Glechoma hederacea L. | Fumaria officinalis L. | Papaver rhoeas L. | Total % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 March | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 9.4 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 9.4 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 3.4 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 8.6 | 6.4 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 102.3a |
T2 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 12.4 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 2.6 | 11.5 | 0.1 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 148.7a |
T3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 0.1 | 65.1b |
T4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 8.4 | 0.1 | 53.7b |
T5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.7c |
T6 | 12.8 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 13.9 | 12.2 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 3.2 | 11.3 | 0.3 | 12.6 | 9.2 | 12.9 | 11.2 | 149.8a |
22 March | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 12.6 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 1.4 | 14.5 | 1.4 | 10.5 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 114.8a |
T2 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 12.4 | 1.5 | 9.4 | 11.4 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 0.1 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 144.1a |
T3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 6.0 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 11.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 72.2b |
T4 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 14.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 0.1 | 88.3b |
T5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.1c |
T6 | 14.9 | 10.9 | 5.5 | 14.0 | 6.5 | 15.5 | 8.2 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 13.7 | 1.8 | 12.6 | 10.9 | 13.7 | 12.1 | 159.2a |
11 April | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 13.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 14.5 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 146.7b |
T2 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 2.0 | 10.4 | 13.4 | 8.4 | 2.0 | 9.4 | 3.6 | 11.9 | 8.4 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 117.7b |
T3 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 12.1 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 2.6 | 11.5 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 97.2c |
T4 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 3 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 9.4 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 8.4 | 1.6 | 100.4c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 4.8d |
T6 | 16.1 | 15.2 | 8.4 | 14.8 | 9.6 | 14.8 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 3.6 | 13.8 | 9.8 | 14.7 | 15.6 | 179.8a |
2 May | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 10.4 | 20.2 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 15.7 | 12.0 | 175.8b |
T2 | 21.5 | 15.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 2.0 | 9.4 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 21.5 | 14.4 | 3.6 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 185.3b |
T3 | 9.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 11.0 | 3.6 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 2.6 | 12.5 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 135.8c |
T4 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 0.4 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 16.5 | 14.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 3.6 | 148.7c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 5.2d |
T6 | 20.1 | 23.1 | 13.4 | 14.2 | 9.7 | 13.5 | 10.0 | 15.4 | 18.5 | 14.7 | 10.8 | 14.9 | 10.9 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 221.9° |
24 May | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 13.5 | 21.5 | 24.0 | 26.5 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 2.6 | 24.0 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 21.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 248.0a |
T2 | 21.5 | 14.4 | 21.5 | 10.4 | 25.5 | 14.5 | 24.0 | 21.5 | 25.5 | 21.5 | 25.0 | 11.5 | 24.4 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 294.2a |
T3 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 9.4 | 13.5 | 11.5 | 6.5 | 12.4 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 169.2b |
T4 | 6.5 | 13.4 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 9.4 | 13.4 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 11.5 | 16.5 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 21.5 | 4.2 | 157.8b |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 5.4d |
T6 | 22.7 | 23.3 | 27.3 | 23.9 | 22.7 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 25.0 | 25.2 | 19.5 | 27.9 | 16.8 | 22.5 | 18.3 | 18.5 | 327.4a |
6 June | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 12.4 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 21.5 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 27.0 | 21.5 | 12.0 | 20.5 | 14.5 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 14.5 | 268.2b |
T2 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 21.5 | 12.4 | 21.5 | 12.4 | 19.4 | 24.0 | 9.4 | 21.5 | 24.0 | 12.4 | 24.0 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 254.2b |
T3 | 21.5 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 9.6 | 11.5 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 173.9c |
T4 | 9.4 | 5.4 | 9.4 | 1.4 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 16.5 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 2.6 | 130.7c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 5.6d |
T6 | 20.4 | 25.2 | 23.3 | 22.0 | 21.5 | 17.2 | 19.0 | 28.1 | 18.5 | 18.4 | 26.7 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 312.0a |
Treatment | Portulaca oleracea L. | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | Solanum nigrum L. | Convolvulus arvensis L. | Taraxacum officinale W. | Beta vulgaris L. | Eruca sativa L. | Silybum marianum L. | Lamium maculatum L. | Lactuca virosa L. | Avena spp L. | Veronica persica L. | Glechoma hederacea L. | Fumaria officinalis L. | Papaver rhoeas L. | Total % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 March | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 6.5 | 73.3a |
T2 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 8.1 | 3.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 70.9a |
T3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 40.5b |
T4 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 0.1 | 44.2b |
T5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.9c |
T6 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 13.6 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 11.0 | 5.8 | 85.3a |
22 March | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 12.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 14.5 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 2.6 | 90.4a |
T2 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 12.4 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 8.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 12.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 100.9a |
T3 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 12.4 | 2.4 | 12.4 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 57.0b |
T4 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 0.2 | 71.7b |
T5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 5.4c |
T6 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 108.3a |
18 April | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 10.4 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 2.6 | 14.5 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 14.8 | 2.6 | 14.4 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 104.3b |
T2 | 9.4 | 11.5 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 9.4 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 8.4 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 14.6 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 125.8b |
T3 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 12.6 | 1.4 | 11.4 | 2.8 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 86.2c |
T4 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 10.4 | 13.4 | 2.6 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 11.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 76.3c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.7d |
T6 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 8.9 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 11.3 | 5.2 | 16.7 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 15.8 | 10.3 | 15.1 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 147.4a |
9 May | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 10.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 8.6 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 20.5 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 122.1b |
T2 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 14.0 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 26.5 | 12.4 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 9.4 | 21.5 | 14.6 | 12.1 | 197.9b |
T3 | 8.4 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 2.4 | 6.6 | 11.6 | 2.6 | 9.6 | 3.6 | 16.5 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 103.0c |
T4 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 8.2 | 15.0 | 3.6 | 11.8 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 11.2 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 11.6 | 0.1 | 94.9c |
T5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.9d |
T6 | 14.1 | 12.2 | 15.6 | 1.8 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 9.9 | 27.9 | 13.7 | 10.7 | 15.8 | 11.0 | 22.3 | 15.9 | 14.1 | 213.1a |
30 May | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 10.5 | 8.2 | 14.2 | 7.0 | 9.2 | 14.4 | 3.6 | 26.6 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 19.0 | 15.4 | 17.2 | 9.6 | 182.3b |
T2 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 14.0 | 17.4 | 10.2 | 28.4 | 9.5 | 13.2 | 27.2 | 20.4 | 10.6 | 16.6 | 19.4 | 218.7b |
T3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 14.4 | 0.2 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 18.2 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 136.6c |
T4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 15.0 | 1.4 | 11.5 | 0.2 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 107.1c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.7d |
T6 | 13.1 | 12.3 | 15.2 | 5.3 | 14.1 | 18.1 | 10.1 | 29.8 | 11.0 | 13.4 | 20.1 | 19.0 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 18.8 | 231.3a |
13 June | ||||||||||||||||
T1 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 13.2 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 14.5 | 1.4 | 29.6 | 11.0 | 18.6 | 16.6 | 18.0 | 14.6 | 19.2 | 2.8 | 199.7b |
T2 | 11.8 | 9.6 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 14.4 | 15.4 | 3.6 | 24.2 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 26.0 | 11.4 | 17.4 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 183.3b |
T3 | 8.8 | 11.4 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 16.6 | 14.8 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 135.9c |
T4 | 1.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 11.0 | 0.2 | 9.0 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 14.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 10.4 | 4.6 | 110.5c |
T5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 5.6d |
T6 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 7.2 | 15.0 | 19.4 | 8.0 | 29.6 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 25.0 | 17.5 | 18.9 | 15.0 | 242a |
2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1–T2 | T3–T4 | T5 | T1–T2 | T3–T4 | T5 | |
Portulaca oleracea L. | 54 c | 63 b | 82 a | 51 b | 58 b | 83 a |
Amaranthus retroflexus L. | 55 c | 65 b | 80 a | 52 c | 68 b | 82 a |
Solanum nigrum L. | 29 b | 33 b | 84 a | 28 b | 30 b | 83 a |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | 55 c | 75 b | 84 a | 48 c | 71 b | 82 a |
Taraxacum officinale W. | 25 b | 28 b | 74 a | 28 b | 25 b | 78 a |
Beta vulgaris L. | 25 b | 32 b | 88 a | 29 b | 25 b | 79 a |
Eruca sativa L. | 65 b | 63 b | 70 a | 51 b | 58 b | 78 a |
Silybum marianum L. | 18 b | 18 b | 80 a | 15 b | 17 b | 78 a |
Lamium maculatum L. | 29 c | 36 b | 72 a | 32 b | 39 b | 77 a |
Lactuca virosa L. | 11 b | 12 b | 86 a | 14 b | 9 bc | 82 a |
Avena spp. L. | 24 b | 28 b | 82 a | 25 b | 29 b | 85 a |
Veronica persica L. | 31 b | 34 b | 74 a | 34 b | 38 b | 78 a |
Glechoma hederacea L. | 11 b | 13 b | 90 a | 14 b | 16 b | 90 a |
Fumaria officinalis L. | 28 b | 21 b | 82 a | 23 b | 23 b | 80 a |
Papaver rhoeas L. | 45 c | 73 b | 75 a | 42 c | 71 b | 87 a |
Seasons | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | 2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | |||
Flower | Oil | Flower | Oil | ||
(kg ha −1) | (%) | (kg ha −1) | (%) | ||
T1 | 2008 | c | 0.40 | 1950 c | 0.39 |
T2 | 2000 | c | 0.38 | 1900 c | 0.37 |
T3 | 2110 | b | 0.38 | 2130 b | 0.37 |
T4 | 2100 | b | 0.37 | 2220 b | 0.38 |
T5 | 2150 | a | 0.35 | 2200 a | 0.36 |
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Frabboni, L.; Tarantino, A.; Petruzzi, F.; Disciglio, G. Bio-Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System. Agronomy 2019, 9, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090475
Frabboni L, Tarantino A, Petruzzi F, Disciglio G. Bio-Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090475
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrabboni, Laura, Annalisa Tarantino, Fiorenza Petruzzi, and Grazia Disciglio. 2019. "Bio-Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090475