Microbiological Biostimulants in the Improvement of Extended Storage Quality of In Vitro-Derived Plants of Popular Ornamental Perennials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Microbiological Preparations Used in This Study
- BactoFungiStop (BactoTech, Toruń, Poland), which contains a mixture of live soil bacteria (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria of the Bacillus genus) collected and selected from natural habitats and probiotic microorganisms that restore the microbiological balance of the soil, support the decomposition of organic substances, stimulate the biosynthesis of phytohormones, vitamins, and amino acids, colonize plant tissue, and induce plant systemic responses, as recommended by the manufacturer for preventing fungal infections; concentration: 1.0% (v/v).
- AzotoPower (BioLider, Łódź, Poland), which contains a high concentration of isolates of bacteria from the Azotobacter and Arthrobacter genera, supports the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and makes it available to plants, thereby stimulating plant growth, enhancing the biosynthesis of phytohormones, improving the development of root systems and the efficacy of plant nutrition, and supporting plant stress resistance; concentration: 0.05% (w/v).
- Guard (Target, Kartoszyno, Poland), which contains, according to the manufacturer’s description, “useful strains of bacteria” that restore the microflora of above-ground parts of plants, protect the plants against the development of diseases, and accelerate the regeneration of plants after stress of various origins; concentration: 0.4% (w/v).
2.3. Biometrical and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Control | BactoFungiStop | AzotoPower | Guard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot length (cm) | 11.1 ± 0.19 b | 12.6 ± 0.16 a | 12.6 ± 0.19 a | 12.5 ± 0.78 a |
No. of leaves | 4.6 ± 0.60 ab | 3.6 ± 0.51 b | 5.4 ± 0.40 a | 3.8 ± 0.20 b |
Chlorophyll content (CCI) | 14.2 ± 0.42 a | 15.0 ± 1.38 a | 15.8 ± 0.81 a | 16.6 ± 1.22 a |
Leaf area (cm2) | 19.4 ± 0.62 a | 22.2 ± 2.31 a | 20.2 ± 2.02 a | 22.7 ± 0.62 a |
Leaf max. width (cm) | 5.3 ± 0.06 a | 5.7 ± 0.34 a | 5.3 ± 0.31 a | 5.7 ± 0.13 a |
Leaf avg. width (cm) | 2.0 ± 0.09 a | 2.1 ± 0.19 a | 1.9 ± 0.19 a | 2.2 ± 0.12 a |
Leaf length (cm) | 10.2 ± 0.24 a | 11.4 ± 0.26 a | 11.3 ± 0.16 a | 11.1 ± 0.58 a |
Leaf perimeter (cm) | 30.4 ± 0.38 a | 33.8 ± 0.84 a | 32.5 ± 0.91 a | 33.9 ± 1.28 a |
Aspect ratio | 0.51 ± 0.01 a | 0.50 ± 0,02 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.52 ± 0.03 a |
Form coefficient | 20.4 ± 0.38 b | 33.8 ± 0.84 a | 32.5 ± 0.91 ab | 33.9 ± 1.28 a |
Total root length (cm) | 233.4 ± 6.13 b | 357.0 ± 12.6 a | 341.9 ± 21.3 a | 373.2 ± 37.2 a |
Root system area (cm2) | 45.0 ± 3.09 b | 65.8 ± 3.20 a | 71.2 ± 4.55 a | 69.5 ± 6.74 a |
Root diameter (mm) | 0.613 ± 0.04 ab | 0.586 ± 0.01 b | 0.663 ± 0.01 a | 0.593 ± 0.01 b |
Root system volume (cm3) | 0.70 ± 0.09 b | 0.97 ± 0.06 a | 1.18 ± 0.08 a | 1.03 ± 0.10 a |
No. of forks in roots | 1141 ± 54 b | 1558 ± 80 a | 1512 ± 144 ab | 1846 ± 180 a |
No. of root tips | 336 ± 42 c | 1463 ± 180 a | 938 ± 115 b | 1152 ± 197 ab |
Trait | Control | BactoFungiStop | AzotoPower | Guard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot length (cm) | 11.9 ± 0.51 c | 13.8 ± 0.54 b | 14.8 ± 0.45 ab | 15.9 ± 0.27 a |
No. of leaves | 9.8 ± 0.58 a | 9.8 ± 0.37 a | 10.4 ± 0.51 a | 10.6 ± 0.51 a |
Chlorophyll content (CCI) | 16.3 ± 0.95 a | 17.2 ± 0.83 a | 16.8 ± 0.84 a | 15.6 ± 0.49 a |
Leaf area (cm2) | 6.6 ± 0.41 a | 8.7 ± 0.98 a | 8.5 ± 0.67 a | 9.1 ± 0.79 a |
Leaf max. width (cm) | 1.9 ± 0.06 a | 2.1 ± 0.14 a | 2.0 ± 0.13 a | 2.1 ± 0.16 a |
Leaf avg. width (cm) | 0.6 ± 0.03 a | 0.7 ± 0.05 a | 0.7 ± 0.05 a | 0.7 ± 0.05 a |
Leaf length (cm) | 10.6 ± 0.60 b | 12.6 ± 0.67 b | 12.9 ± 0.18 b | 13.5 ± 0.22 a |
Leaf perimeter (cm) | 23.6 ± 1.36 c | 27.7 ± 1.42 b | 29.5 ± 0.99 ab | 32.0 ± 0.59 a |
Aspect ratio | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a |
Form coefficient | 23.6 ± 1.36 c | 27.7 ± 1.42 b | 29.5 ± 0.99 ab | 32.0 ± 0.59 a |
Total root length (cm) | 94.4 ± 9.33 c | 167.0 ± 18.9 ab | 149.0 ± 16.5 bc | 221.4 ± 31.2 a |
Root system area (cm2) | 16.9 ± 1.44 c | 28.9 ± 3.37 b | 27.8 ± 3.09 b | 40.4 ± 5.21 a |
Root diameter (mm) | 0.556 ± 0.01 a | 0.550 ± 0.02 a | 0.595 ± 0.01 a | 0.580 ± 0.01 a |
Root system volume (cm3) | 0.23 ± 0.02 c | 0.40 ± 0.05 b | 0.41 ± 0.05 b | 0.58 ± 0.07 a |
No. of forks in roots | 351 ± 51 b | 624 ± 74 ab | 561 ± 78 ab | 889 ± 178 a |
No. of root tips | 253 ± 33 b | 778 ± 98 a | 249 ± 30 b | 740 ± 139 a |
Trait | Control | BactoFungiStop | AzotoPower | Guard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot length (cm) | 6.7 ± 0.32 b | 8.2 ± 0.25 a | 8.3 ± 0.30 a | 8.5 ± 0.21 a |
No. of leaves | 10.8 ± 1.83 a | 10.8 ± 2.13 a | 14.4 ± 2.56 a | 11.4 ± 1.43 a |
Chlorophyll content (CCI) | 4.7 ± 1.51 a | 3.4 ± 0.23 a | 4.3 ± 1.10 a | 3.4 ± 0.30 a |
Leaf area (cm2) | 11.3 ± 0.90 b | 13.6 ± 1.04 ab | 13.1 ± 1.32 ab | 15.0 ± 0.49 a |
Leaf max. width (cm) | 3.6 ± 0.17 b | 4.0 ± 0.14 ab | 4.0 ± 0.21 ab | 4.2 ± 0.09 a |
Leaf avg. width (cm) | 1.80 ± 0.12 a | 1.86 ± 0.08 a | 1.80 ± 0.11 a | 2.1 ± 0.06 a |
Leaf length (cm) | 6.3 ± 0.22 b | 7.4 ± 0.28 a | 7.3 ± 0.37 a | 7.4 ± 0.15 a |
Leaf perimeter (cm) | 19.1 ± 0.69 b | 22.3 ± 0.84 a | 22.6 ± 0.93 a | 23.4 ± 0.64 a |
Aspect ratio | 0.57 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.01 a | 0.54 ± 0.02 a | 0.58 ± 0.02 a |
Form coefficient | 19.1 ± 0.69 b | 22.3 ± 0.84 a | 22.6 ± 0.93 a | 23.4 ± 0.64 a |
Total root length (cm) | 116.8 ± 3.84 a | 114.4 ± 13.9 a | 121.3 ± 14.1 a | 111.9 ± 9.57 a |
Root system area (cm2) | 16.9 ± 0.58 b | 18.5 ± 2.00 a | 20.2 ± 2.30 a | 19.5 ± 1.54 a |
Root diameter (mm) | 0.460 ± 0.02 b | 0.518 ± 0.01 a | 0.533 ± 0.02 a | 0.558 ± 0.01 a |
Root system volume (cm3) | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 a |
No. of forks in roots | 619 ± 16 a | 629 ± 75 a | 647 ± 73 a | 570 ± 61 a |
No. of root tips | 603 ± 91 a | 432 ± 86 a | 650 ± 110 a | 464 ± 49 a |
Trait | Control | BactoFungiStop | AzotoPower | Guard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot length (cm) | 14.3 ± 0.43 a | 12.0 ± 0.56 b | 15.4 ± 1.17 a | 16.5 ± 0.74 a |
No. of leaves | 6.4 ± 0.40 ab | 7.6 ± 0.29 a | 5.4 ± 0.85 b | 5.6 ± 0.20 b |
Chlorophyll content (CCI) | 6.7 ± 0.32 a | 3.5 ± 0.18 b | 6.7 ± 0.79 a | 6.6 ± 0.25 a |
Leaf area (cm2) | 21.6 ± 2.04 a | 15.3 ± 0.44 b | 25.4 ± 1.44 a | 23.7 ± 1.22 a |
Leaf max. width (cm) | 4.5 ± 0.17 a | 3.4 ± 0.02 b | 4.6 ± 0.12 a | 4.5 ± 0.13 a |
Leaf avg. width (cm) | 1.8 ± 0.13 a | 1.4 ± 0.01 b | 1.9 ± 0.06 a | 1.7 ± 0.10 a |
Leaf length (cm) | 11.9 ± 0.53 b | 10.8 ± 0.32 c | 13.4 ± 0.58 ab | 14.0 ± 0.67 a |
Leaf perimeter (cm) | 32.6 ± 1.45 a | 25.9 ± 0.61 b | 33.6 ± 1.13 a | 35.3 ± 1.61 a |
Aspect ratio | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 ab | 0.33 ± 0.02 b |
Form coefficient | 32.6 ± 1.45 a | 25.9 ± 0.61 b | 33.65 ± 1.13 a | 35.32 ± 1.61 a |
Total root length (cm) | 396.8 ± 43.2 b | 572.1 ± 59.9 a | 363.3 ± 40.2 b | 293.6 ± 28.4 b |
Root system area (cm2) | 35.1 ± 3.53 b | 50.0 ± 6.02 a | 35.3 ± 4.21 b | 27.6 ± 3.10 b |
Root diameter (mm) | 0.283 ± 0.01 b | 0.276 ± 0.01 b | 0.309 ± 0.01 a | 0.298 ± 0.01 b |
Root system volume (cm3) | 0.25 ± 0.02 ab | 0.35 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 ab | 0.21 ± 0.03 b |
No. of forks in roots | 4172 ± 510 ab | 5143 ± 585 a | 3522 ± 361 b | 2824 ± 256 b |
No. of root tips | 2145 ± 183 b | 5629 ± 829 a | 2967 ± 442 b | 1966 ± 235 b |
Trait | Control | BactoFungiStop | AzotoPower | Guard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot length (cm) | 9.7 ± 0.37 b | 12.5 ± 0.57 a | 12.7 ± 0.53 a | 12.8 ± 0.28 a |
No. of leaves | 7.4 ± 0.40 b | 11.0 ± 0.55 a | 10.6 ± 0.75 a | 8.2 ± 0.58 b |
Chlorophyll content (CCI) | 12.3 ± 1.27 a | 11.1 ± 0.57 a | 10.4 ± 0.56 a | 10.8 ± 0.88 a |
Leaf area (cm2) | 14.5 ± 1.26 b | 19.1 ± 0.74 a | 18.9 ± 1.42 a | 19.2 ± 1.28 a |
Leaf max. width (cm) | 3.2 ± 0.22 a | 3.7 ± 0.07 a | 3.2 ± 0.28 a | 3.7 ± 0.19 a |
Leaf avg. width (cm) | 1.6 ± 0.11 a | 1.7 ± 0.06 a | 1.5 ± 0.06 a | 1.58 ± 0.07 a |
Leaf length (cm) | 9.3 ± 0.36 b | 11.5 ± 0.44 a | 11.0 ± 1.13 ab | 12.1 ± 0.32 a |
Leaf perimeter (cm) | 22.1 ± 0.81 b | 27.0 ± 0.90 a | 25.5 ± 2.58 ab | 28.2 ± 0.81 a |
Aspect ratio | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 ± 0.02 ab | 0.28 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 ab |
Form coefficient | 22.1 ± 0.81 b | 27.0 ± 0.90 a | 25.5 ± 2.58 ab | 28.3 ± 0.81 a |
Total root length (cm) | 731.6 ± 72.8 a | 696.0 ± 75.9 ab | 717.3 ± 54.8 a | 505.2 ± 62.2 b |
Root system area (cm2) | 128.8 ± 10.1 a | 124.3 ± 8.79 a | 121.0 ± 10.4 a | 90.9 ± 9.16 b |
Root diameter (mm) | 0.566 ± 0.02 a | 0.581 ± 0.04 a | 0.536 ± 0.01 a | 0.580 ± 0.02 a |
Root system volume (cm3) | 1.81 ± 0.14 a | 1.79 ± 0.14 a | 1.63 ± 0.16 ab | 1.31 ± 0.11 b |
No. of forks in roots | 3885 ± 419 a | 3616 ± 596 a | 3573 ± 294 a | 2560 ± 380 a |
No. of root tips | 2481 ± 800 a | 2994 ± 500 a | 3480 ± 470 a | 1861 ± 585 a |
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Miler, N.; Tymoszuk, A.; Woźny, A.; Michalik, T.; Wiśniewska, J.; Kulus, D. Microbiological Biostimulants in the Improvement of Extended Storage Quality of In Vitro-Derived Plants of Popular Ornamental Perennials. Agronomy 2024, 14, 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020289
Miler N, Tymoszuk A, Woźny A, Michalik T, Wiśniewska J, Kulus D. Microbiological Biostimulants in the Improvement of Extended Storage Quality of In Vitro-Derived Plants of Popular Ornamental Perennials. Agronomy. 2024; 14(2):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020289
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiler, Natalia, Alicja Tymoszuk, Anita Woźny, Tomasz Michalik, Justyna Wiśniewska, and Dariusz Kulus. 2024. "Microbiological Biostimulants in the Improvement of Extended Storage Quality of In Vitro-Derived Plants of Popular Ornamental Perennials" Agronomy 14, no. 2: 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020289