Strategic, Economic, and Potency Assessment of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Development in the Tidal Swamplands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Time of Research
2.2. Research Method
2.2.1. Suitability and Spatial Analysis
2.2.2. Economic Performance
2.2.3. Sorghum Development Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Suitability and Spatial Analysis
3.2. Economic Performance
3.2.1. The Feasibility of Sorghum Farming
3.2.2. Competitive Advantages of Sorghum Farming
3.2.3. Sensitivity of Sorghum Farming
3.3. Sorghum Development Strategy
3.3.1. SWOT (Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats)
- (1)
- Increase production by optimally utilizing available swamp tidal land resources, technological innovation, human resources, and market potential;
- (2)
- Optimize the utilization of sorghum plant waste as animal feed;
- (3)
- Increase and maintain production continuity by utilizing the potential of the land, technology, and human resources for farmers;
- (4)
- Increase productivity and processed products by optimizing land resources, technological developments, and government policies to reduce wheat imports.
3.3.2. Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
4. Discussion
4.1. Tidal Swamplands’ Potential for Sorghum Development
4.2. Economic Aspects of Sorghum in Tidal Swamplands
4.2.1. Feasibility Analysis of Sorghum Farming in Tidal Swamplands
4.2.2. Competitive Advantages of Sorghum in Tidal Swamplands
4.2.3. Sensitivity of Sorghum Farming in Tidal Swamplands
4.3. Development Strategies for Sorghum in Tidal Swamplands
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Description | Volume | Unit | Price (USD) * | Cost (USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Production facilities | ||||
Sorghum seeds | 5 | kg | 3.17 | 15.85 | |
Herbicides | 1 | liter | 13.36 | 13.36 | |
Insecticides | 2 | kg | 3.68 | 7.36 | |
Dolomites | 8 | sack | 6.33 | 50.64 | |
Urea | 50 | kg | 1.00 | 50.00 | |
Manure | 1000 | kg | 46.67 | 40.67 | |
KCl | 50 | kg | 1.00 | 50.00 | |
SP36 | 50 | kg | 1.00 | 50.00 | |
Rodenticides | 1 | kg | 4.00 | 4.00 | |
Depreciation of equipment | 10.33 | ||||
Total | 281.88 | ||||
2. | Labor | ||||
Land preparation | 5 | Working day | 5.33 | 26.65 | |
Land processing | 15 | Working day | 5.33 | 79.95 | |
Planting | 5 | Working day | 5.33 | 26.65 | |
Fertilization | 5 | Working day | 5.33 | 26.65 | |
Weed removal | 5 | Working day | 5.33 | 26.65 | |
Harvesting | 5 | Working day | 5.33 | 65.65 | |
Total | 213.20 | ||||
3. | Total Cost | 495.08 | |||
4. | Production | 3070 | kg | ||
5. | Revenue | 3070 | kg | 0.28 | 859.6 |
6. | Profit | 364.52 | |||
7. | R/C | 1.73 | |||
8. | B/C | 0.73 | |||
9. | BEP of sorghum price | 0.16 | |||
10. | BEP of sorghum unit | 1788 | kg |
Commodity | Production (kg ha−1) | Price (USD kg−1) | Total Cost (USD ha−1) | Profit (USD ha−1) | F Value | Q Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sorghum 1 | 3070 | 0.28 | 859.6 | 354.52 | ||
Sweet potato 2 | 900 | 1.00 | 722.67 | 177.33 | 2421.64 | 0.79 |
Maize 2 | 5200 | 0.36 | 1229.33 | 642.67 | 4083.55 | 1.33 |
Soybean 2 | 1200 | 0.07 | 821.50 | 218.50 | 2568.67 | 0.84 |
Description | Existing | Changes in Financing and Revenue Structures | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 4 | ||
Input: | |||||
Sorghum seeds | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 2.30 | 2.30 |
Herbicides | 1.55 | 1.55 | 1.55 | 1.94 | 1.94 |
Insecticides | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1.07 | 1.07 |
Liming (dolomite) | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 7.37 | 7.37 |
Urea | 4.94 | 0.89 | 2.17 | 1.11 | 2.71 |
Manure | 5.43 | 6.20 | 21.33 | 7.76 | 26.66 |
NPK | 0.00 | 5.12 | 18.15 | 6.40 | 22.68 |
KCl | 5.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
SP-36 | 5.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Rodenticides | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
Other expenses | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
Labor | 24.82 | 24.82 | 24.82 | 31.02 | 31.02 |
Total cost | 58.25 | 48.85 | 48.85 | 61.06 | 97.85 |
Output: | |||||
Revenue | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Income | 41.75 | 51.15 | 21.72 | 38.94 | 2.15 |
R/C | 1.73 | 2.05 | 1.28 | 1.64 | 1.02 |
B/C | 0.73 | 1.05 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.02 |
Factors | Description |
---|---|
Internal Factors | |
Strengths (S) | S1—Sorghum is more adaptive to the environment than maize S2—The stover is able to be used as animal feed S3—Swamplands that have not been utilized have relatively good potential S4—Motivation and availability of agricultural human resources |
Weaknesses (W) | W1—Lack of knowledge and experience of farmers in sorghum cultivation W2—Biophysical land constraints and requiring well-drained soils W3—Difficulty in obtaining quality seeds W4—Limited number and capacity of agricultural tools and machinery |
External Factors | |
Opportunities (O) | O1—The substitution of part of the wheat imports with domestic sorghum O2—Sorghum products are being chosen for domestic and foreign markets O3—The development of adaptive varieties reduces production costs O4—Policies on fertilizer subsidizing and rural development to support small-scale cultivation |
Threats (T) | T1—Extreme weather increase the risk of inundated or dry plants T2—Specific sorghum varieties for tidal swamplands are not yet available T3—Continuity of production for industrial needs T4—Uncertainty about the selling price |
Internal Factors | Significance Factor (0–1) | Weight | Score (Rank Coefficient) (1–4) |
---|---|---|---|
S1—Sorghum is more adaptive to the environment than maize | 0.172 | 10 | 1.720 (2) |
S2—The stover is able to be used as animal feed | 0.103 | 6 | 0.618 (4) |
S3—Tidal swamplands that have not been utilized have relatively good potential | 0.207 | 12 | 2.484 (1) |
S4—Motivation and availability of agricultural human resources | 0.138 | 8 | 1.104 (3) |
Subtotal | 0.621 | 5.926 | |
W1—Lack of knowledge and experience of farmers in sorghum cultivation | 0.086 | –5 | −0.430 (3) |
W2—Biophysical land constraints and requiring well-drained soils | 0.069 | –4 | −0.845 (4) |
W3—Difficulty in obtaining quality seeds | 0.121 | –7 | −0.847 (1) |
W4—Limited number and capacity of agricultural tools and machinery | 0.103 | –6 | −0.618 (2) |
Subtotal | 0.379 | −2.171 | |
Total score | 1.000 | 3.755 |
External Factors | Significance Factor (0–1) | Weight | Score (Rank Coefficient) (1–4) |
---|---|---|---|
O1—The substitution of part of the wheat imports with domestic sorghum | 0.196 | 10 | 1.960 (1) |
O2—Sorghum products are being chosen for domestic and foreign markets | 0.137 | 7 | 0.959 (3) |
O3—The development of adaptive varieties reduces production costs | 0.118 | 6 | 0.708 (4) |
O4—Policies on rural development support small-scale cultivation | 0.176 | 9 | 1.584 (2) |
Subtotal | 0.627 | 5.211 | |
T1—Extreme weather increase the risk of inundated or dry plants | 0.078 | –4 | –0.312 (3) |
T2—Specific sorghum varieties for tidal swamplands are not yet available | 0.098 | –5 | –0.490 (2) |
T3—Continuity of production for industrial needs | 0.059 | –3 | –0.177 (4) |
T4—Uncertainty about the selling price | 0.137 | –7 | –0.959 (1) |
Subtotal | 0.373 | –1.941 | |
Total score | 1.000 | 3.273 |
IFAS | Strength Strategy | Weakness Strategy | |
---|---|---|---|
EFAS | |||
Opportunity Strategy | Strategi SO 5.926 + 5.211 = 11.137 | Strategi WO −2.171 + 5.211 = 3.040 | |
Threat Strategy | Strategi ST 5.926 + (–1.938) = 3.988 | Strategi WT −2.171 + (−1.938) = −4.109 |
Internal Factors | Rating | External Factors | Rating |
---|---|---|---|
S3—Swamplands that have not been utilized have relatively good potential | 12 | O1—The substitution of part of the wheat imports with domestic sorghum | 10 |
S1—Sorghum is more adaptive to the environment than maize | 10 | O2—Sorghum products are being chosen for domestic and foreign markets | 7 |
S2—The stover is able to be used as animal feed | 6 | O3—The development of adaptive varieties reduces production costs | 7 |
S4—Motivation and availability of agricultural human resources | 7 | O4—Policies on rural development support small-scale cultivation | 9 |
Total | 35 | Total | 33 |
W1—Lack of knowledge and experience of farmers in sorghum cultivation | –5 | T1—Extreme weather increase the risk of inundated or dry plants | –4 |
W2—Biophysical land constraints and requiring well-drained soils | –4 | T2—Specific sorghum varieties for tidal swamplands are not yet available | –5 |
W3—Difficulty in obtaining quality seeds | –7 | T3—Continuity of production for industrial needs | –3 |
W4—Limited number and capacity of agricultural tools and machinery | –6 | T4—Uncertainty about the selling price | –7 |
Total | –22 | Total | –19 |
Average S | 9.000 | Average O | 8.000 |
Average W | –5.500 | Average T | –4.750 |
Value on the X axis = S + (–W) | 3.500 | Value on the Y axis = O + (–T) | 3.250 |
Internal Factors | Strength (S) S1—Sorghum is more adaptive to the environment than maize plants S2—The stover is able to be used as animal feed S3—Swamplands that have not been utilized have relatively good potential S4—Motivation and availability of agricultural human resources | Weakness (W) W1—Lack of knowledge and experience of farmers in sorghum cultivation W2—Biophysical land constraints and requiring well-drained soils W3—Difficulty in obtaining quality seeds W4—Limited number and capacity of agricultural tools and machinery | |
External Factors | |||
Opportunity (O) O1—The substitution of part of the wheat imports with domestic sorghum O2—Sorghum products are being chosen on domestic and foreign markets O3—The development of adaptive varieties reduces production costs O4—Policies on fertilizer subsidizing and rural development to support small-scale cultivation | S–O strategy Increase production by optimally utilizing available swampland resources, technological innovation, human resources, and market potential (S1, S2, S3, S4, O1, O2, O3, and O4) Optimize the utilization of sorghum plant waste as animal feed (S1, S2, S3, S4, O1, O2, O3, and O4) Increase and maintain production continuity by utilizing the potential of land, technology, and human resources for farmers (S1, S4, O3, and O4) Increase productivity and processed products by optimizing land resources, technological developments, and government policies to reduce wheat imports (S1, S2, S3, S4, and O4) | W–O strategy Increase farmers’ knowledge and skills regarding cultivation, land management, and sorghum seed production technology (W1, W2, W3, W4, O1, O2, O3, O4, and O5) Facilitate farmer/farmer group collaboration with sorghum seed breeders (W4, O1, O2, O4, and O5) | |
Threats (T) T1—Extreme weather increase the risk of inundated or dry plants T2—Specific sorghum varieties for tidal swamplands are not yet available T4—Uncertainty about the selling price T3—Continuity of production for industrial needs | S–T strategy Increase production by optimally utilizing available swampland resources, technological innovation, human resources, and market potential (S1, S2, S3, S4, O1, O2, O3, and O4) Optimize the utilization of sorghum plant waste as animal feed (S1, S2, S3, S4, O1, O2, O3, and O4) Increase and maintain production continuity by utilizing the potential of the land, technology, and human resources for farmers (S1, S4, O3, and O4) Increase productivity and processed products by optimizing land resources, technological developments, and government policies to reduce wheat imports (S1, S2, S3, S4, and O4) | W–T strategy Improve the quality of human resources by providing training in land management, climate and weather, production, and marketing management (W1, W2, W3, W4, T2, T3, and T4) Machine tool facilitation |
Key Factors | Alternative Strategy | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
AS | TAS | AS | TAS | AS | TAS | AS | TAS | ||
Strengths | |||||||||
1. Swamplands that have not been utilized have relatively good potential | 0.207 | 4 | 0.828 | 3 | 0.621 | 4 | 0.828 | 4 | 0.828 |
2. Being more adaptive to the environment than maize plants | 0.172 | 4 | 0.688 | 3 | 0.516 | 4 | 0.688 | 4 | 0.688 |
3. The stover is able to be used as animal feed | 0.103 | 2 | 0.206 | 4 | 0.412 | 3 | 0.309 | 2 | 0.206 |
4. Motivation and availability of agricultural human resources | 0.138 | 3 | 0.414 | 3 | 0.414 | 3 | 0.414 | 3 | 0.414 |
Weaknesses | |||||||||
1. Lack of knowledge and experience of farmers in sorghum cultivation | 0.086 | ||||||||
2. Biophysical land constraints and requiring well-drained soils | 0.069 | ||||||||
3. Difficulty in obtaining quality seeds | 0.121 | ||||||||
4. Limited number and capacity of agricultural tools and machinery | 0.103 | ||||||||
Opportunity | |||||||||
1. The substitution of part of the wheat imports with domestic sorghum | 0.196 | 3 | 0.588 | 2 | 0.392 | 2 | 0.392 | 3 | 0.588 |
2. Policies on rural development support small-scale cultivation | 0.176 | 2 | 0.352 | 2 | 0.352 | 2 | 0.352 | 3 | 0.528 |
3. Sorghum products are being chosen for domestic and foreign markets | 0.137 | 4 | 0.548 | 2 | 0.274 | 2 | 0.274 | 2 | 0.274 |
4. The development of adaptive varieties reduces production costs | 0.118 | 3 | 0.354 | 4 | 0.472 | 3 | 0.354 | 3 | 0.354 |
Threats | |||||||||
1. Specific sorghum varieties for tidal swamplands are not yet available (bird resistance) | 0.098 | ||||||||
2. Extreme weather conditions increase the risk of inundated or dry plants | 0.078 | ||||||||
3. Uncertainty about the selling price | 0.137 | ||||||||
4. Continuity of production for industrial needs | 0.059 | ||||||||
Total Attraction Value (TAS) | 3.98 | 3.45 | 3.61 | 3.88 | |||||
Rank | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
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Susilawati, S.; Surdianto, Y.; Erythrina, E.; Bhermana, A.; Liana, T.; Syafruddin, S.; Anshori, A.; Nugroho, W.A.; Hidayanto, M.; Widiastuti, D.P.; et al. Strategic, Economic, and Potency Assessment of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Development in the Tidal Swamplands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102559
Susilawati S, Surdianto Y, Erythrina E, Bhermana A, Liana T, Syafruddin S, Anshori A, Nugroho WA, Hidayanto M, Widiastuti DP, et al. Strategic, Economic, and Potency Assessment of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Development in the Tidal Swamplands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agronomy. 2023; 13(10):2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102559
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusilawati, Susilawati, Yanto Surdianto, Erythrina Erythrina, Andy Bhermana, Twenty Liana, Syafruddin Syafruddin, Arif Anshori, Wahyu Adi Nugroho, Muhamad Hidayanto, Dwi P. Widiastuti, and et al. 2023. "Strategic, Economic, and Potency Assessment of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Development in the Tidal Swamplands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia" Agronomy 13, no. 10: 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102559