Species Composition, Diversity, and Biomass Estimation in Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness and Diversity
3.2. Importance Value Index
3.3. Above-Ground Biomass Estimation
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Setiu Wetlands | Islands | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melaleuca Swamp | Freshwater Swamp | Mangrove | Pulau Bidong | Pulau Redang | Pulau Perhentian | |
Number of families | 13 | 17 | 10 | 28 | 27 | 13 |
Number of genera | 14 | 20 | 13 | 43 | 42 | 14 |
Number of species | 13 | 20 | 13 | 55 | 56 | 20 |
Stem density (trees DBH ≥ 5 cm DBH, trees/ha) | 1432 | 1992 | 1208 | 2700 | 1088 | 1500 |
Basal area of trees (m2/ha) | 15.22 | 17.38 | 8.84 | 25.04 | 52.09 | 24.64 |
Total above-ground biomass (t/ha) | 130.92 | 147.98 | 69.47 | 216.73 | 728.04 | 244.05 |
Family | Species | MS | FS | M | PB | PR | PP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anacardiaceae | Bouea oppositifolia | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Bouea sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Buchanania arborescens | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Campnosperma coriaceum | − | + | − | − | − | − | |
Dracontomelon dao | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Mangifera macrocarpa | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Mangifera odorata | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Parishia insignis | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Swintonia floribunda | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Swintonia schwenkii | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Annonaceae | Goniothalamus tenuifolius | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Polyalthia sumatrana | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Apocynaceae | Alstonia spatulata | − | + | − | − | − | − |
Aquifoliaceae | Ilex cymosa | + | + | + | − | − | − |
Asparagaceae | Dracaena maingayi | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Bignoniaceae | Dolichandrone spathacea | − | − | + | − | − | − |
Burseraceae | Dacryodes rostrata | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Santiria rubiginosa | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Santiria sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Calophyllaceae | Calophyllum rupicola | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Mesua ferrea | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Mesua lepidota | − | − | − | + | + | − | |
Cannabaceae | Gironniera sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Celastraceae | Euonymus cochinchinensis | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Kokoona sessilis | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Chrysobalanaceae | Licania splendens | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Maranthes corymbosa | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Maranthes sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Clusiaceae | Garcinia eugenifolia | − | + | − | + | − | − |
Garcinia hombroniana | + | + | − | + | − | − | |
Garcinia nigrolineata | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Garcinia sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Dipterocarpaceae | Dipterocarpus chartaceus | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Shorea glauca | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Shorea materialis | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Vatica sp. | − | − | − | + | + | + | |
Ebenaceae | Diospyros pilosanthera | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Diospyros sp. 1 | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Diospyros sp. 2 | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Diospyros sp. 3 | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Elaeocarpaceae | Elaeocarpus macrocerus | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Elaeocarpus mastersii | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Elaeocarpus sp. | − | − | − | − | − | + | |
Erythroxylaceae | Erythroxylum cuneatum | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Euphorbiaceae | Croton oblongus | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Drypetes sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Excoecaria agallocha | − | − | + | − | − | − | |
Koilodepas sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Macaranga hypoleuca | − | + | − | − | − | − | |
Suregada multiflora | + | + | − | − | + | − | |
Fabaceae | Acacia mangium | − | − | + | − | − | − |
Archidendron contortum | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Callerya atropurpurea | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Intsia bijuga | − | − | + | − | − | − | |
Ormosia sumatrana | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Sindora cochinchinensis | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Lithocarpus rassa | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Flacourtiaceae | Hydnocarpus sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Hypericaceae | Cratoxylum arborescens | − | + | − | − | − | − |
Cratoxylum formosum | − | − | − | − | − | + | |
Lamiaceae | Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Lauraceae | Cinnamomum sintoc | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Litsea sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Neolitsea zeylanica | + | + | − | − | − | − | |
Lecythidaceae | Barringtonia macrostachya | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Barringtonia scortechinii | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Loganiaceae | Norrisia malaccensis | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Malvaceae | Heritiera littoralis | − | − | + | − | − | − |
Heritiera simplicifolia | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Heritiera sp. 1 | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Heritiera sp. 2 | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Talipariti tiliaceus | + | + | + | − | − | − | |
Melastomataceae | Memecylon edule | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Memecylon sp. | − | − | − | + | + | − | |
Meliaceae | Sandoricum koetjape | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Xylocarpus rumphii | − | − | + | − | − | − | |
Moraceae | Artocarpus kemando | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Artocarpus lanceifolius | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Artocarpus scortechinii | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Ficus sp. | − | + | − | − | − | − | |
Streblus taxoides | + | − | − | − | − | − | |
Myricaceae | Myrica esculenta | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Myristicaceae | Knema glauca | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Knema globularia | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Knema laurina | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Myrtaceae | Melaleuca cajuputi | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Rhodamnia cinerea | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Syzygium cerinum | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Syzygium cinereum | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Syzygium grande | − | − | − | + | + | − | |
Syzygium sp. 1 | − | − | − | + | + | + | |
Syzygium sp. 2 | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Syzygium sp. 3 | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Syzygium sp. 4 | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Syzygium sp. 5 | − | − | − | − | − | + | |
Syzygium sp. 6 | − | − | − | − | − | + | |
Syzygium syzygioides | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Syzygium zeylanicum | − | + | − | + | + | − | |
Ochnaceae | Brackenridgea hookeri | − | + | − | + | − | − |
Campylospermum serratum | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Pentaphylacaceae | Adinandra dumosa | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Peraceae | Chaetocarpus castanocarpus | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Phyllanthaceae | Baccaurea parviflora | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Cleistanthus sp. 1 | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Cleistanthus sp. 2 | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Cleistanthus sumatranus | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Glochidion sp. | − | − | + | − | − | − | |
Picrodendraceae | Austrobuxus nitidus | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Pittosporaceae | Pittosporum ferrugineum | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Polygalaceae | Xanthophyllum sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Primulaceae | Rapanea porteriana | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Rhizophoraceae | Bruguiera gymnorrhiza | − | − | + | − | − | − |
Gynotroches axillaris | − | + | − | − | − | − | |
Rhizophora apiculata | − | − | + | − | − | − | |
Rubiaceae | Aidia wallichiana | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Canthium glabrum | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Canthium nitidum | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Canthium sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Diplospora malaccensis | − | − | − | + | + | − | |
Ixora pendula | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Morinda elliptica | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Psydrax sp. | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Timonius wallichianus | − | − | − | + | − | − | |
Rutaceae | Acronychia pedunculata | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Atalantia monophylla | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Sapindaceae | Guioa bijuga | − | − | + | + | − | + |
Nephelium sp. | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Sapotaceae | Madhuca longifolia | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Madhuca sericea | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Madhuca tubulosa | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Palaquium obovatum | − | − | − | + | − | + | |
Pouteria malaccensis | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
Pouteria obovata | + | + | + | + | + | − | |
Simaroubaceae | Eurycoma longifolia | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Sterculiaceae | Sterculia parviflora | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Symplocaceae | Symplocos adenophylla | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Verbenaceae | Vitex pinnata | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Vitex trifolia | + | + | − | − | − | − | |
Violaceae | Rinorea sp. | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Total: 50 families | 139 species | 13 | 20 | 13 | 55 | 56 | 20 |
Study Site | Shannon Index (H′) | Evenness (E) |
---|---|---|
Setiu Wetlands: | ||
Freshwater swamp forest | 1.85 | 0.38 |
Melaleuca swamp forest | 1.67 | 0.30 |
Mangrove forest | 0.98 | 0.20 |
Islands: | ||
Pulau Bidong | 3.22 | 0.46 |
Pulau Redang | 3.18 | 0.43 |
Pulau Perhentian | 1.95 | 0.68 |
Species | RDi | RCi | Rfi | IVi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Setiu Wetlands: Melaleuca swamp forest | ||||
Melaleuca cajuputi | 56.72 | 44.69 | 11.11 | 112.52 |
Ilex cymosa | 25.07 | 26.54 | 11.11 | 62.72 |
Talipariti tiliaceus | 4.53 | 7.54 | 11.11 | 23.18 |
Pouteria obovata | 3.23 | 4.75 | 11.11 | 19.09 |
Neolitsea zeylanica | 3.15 | 3.63 | 11.11 | 17.89 |
Suregada multiflora | 1.98 | 2.23 | 11.11 | 15.33 |
Pittosporum ferrigeneum | 2.48 | 4.19 | 5.56 | 12.23 |
Streblus taxoides | 0.79 | 0.84 | 5.56 | 7.18 |
Myrica esculenta | 0.32 | 0.56 | 5.56 | 6.43 |
Vitex trifolia | 0.61 | 1.96 | 2.78 | 5.34 |
Suregada multiflora | 1.98 | 2.23 | 11.11 | 15.33 |
Mangrove forest | ||||
Rhizophora apiculata | 81.83 | 78.05 | 13.79 | 173.67 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 6.89 | 5.37 | 10.34 | 22.6 |
Pouteria obovata | 2.41 | 4.63 | 13.79 | 20.84 |
Talipariti tiliaceus | 1.68 | 3.17 | 10.34 | 15.2 |
Intsia bijuga | 1.94 | 2.68 | 10.34 | 14.97 |
Heritiera littoralis | 2.04 | 2.44 | 10.34 | 14.82 |
Guioa bijuga | 0.70 | 1.22 | 6.90 | 8.82 |
Ilex cymosa | 1.13 | 0.49 | 6.90 | 8.51 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 0.55 | 0.73 | 3.45 | 4.73 |
Acacia mangium | 0.47 | 0.24 | 3.45 | 4.16 |
Freshwater swamp forest | ||||
Alstonia spatulata | 56.1 | 41.16 | 8.70 | 105.96 |
Gynotroches axillaris | 17.0 | 24.30 | 8.70 | 49.99 |
Macaranga hypoleuca | 11.96 | 13.25 | 8.70 | 33.91 |
Vitex trifolia | 3.28 | 5.42 | 8.70 | 17.40 |
Campnosperma coriaceum | 1.99 | 2.81 | 8.70 | 13.49 |
Cratoxylum arborescens | 1.07 | 1.41 | 6.52 | 8.99 |
Melaleuca cajuputi | 2.32 | 1.20 | 4.35 | 7.88 |
Ilex cymosa | 1.28 | 1.61 | 4.35 | 7.24 |
Pouteria obovata | 0.72 | 0.80 | 4.35 | 5.87 |
Brackenridgea hookeri | 0.61 | 0.80 | 4.35 | 5.76 |
Islands: Pulau Bidong | ||||
Licania splendens | 10.58 | 3.17 | 12.89 | 26.64 |
Calophyllum rupicola | 9.75 | 3.17 | 9.63 | 22.55 |
Vatica sp. | 8.32 | 3.17 | 10.96 | 22.46 |
Syzygium cinereum | 10.78 | 3.17 | 7.26 | 21.21 |
Lithocarpus rassa | 10.09 | 3.17 | 3.56 | 16.82 |
Syzygium cerinum | 4.71 | 3.17 | 4.44 | 12.33 |
Syzygium sp. 2 | 5.94 | 2.38 | 3.85 | 12.17 |
Austrobuxus nitidus | 3.80 | 3.17 | 4.74 | 11.72 |
Symplocos adenophylla | 2.32 | 3.17 | 5.33 | 10.83 |
Buchanania arborescens | 3.22 | 3.17 | 3.11 | 9.51 |
Pulau Redang | ||||
Shorea glauca | 67.77 | 15.19 | 4.49 | 87.45 |
Madhuca sericea | 4.53 | 12.22 | 4.49 | 21.25 |
Diospyros pilosanthera | 0.67 | 9.26 | 4.49 | 14.42 |
Diospyros sp. | 0.91 | 10 | 3.37 | 14.28 |
Litsea sp. | 0.90 | 7.41 | 4.49 | 12.81 |
Barringtonia scortechinii | 0.98 | 4.44 | 3.37 | 8.80 |
Artocarpus lanceifolius | 3.69 | 1.85 | 2.25 | 7.79 |
Cleistanthus sumatranus | 0.96 | 3.33 | 3.37 | 7.66 |
Koilodepas sp. | 0.21 | 3.33 | 3.37 | 6.91 |
Swintonia floribunda | 4.01 | 0.37 | 1.12 | 5.50 |
Pulau Perhentian | ||||
Vatica sp. | 20.46 | 18.93 | 6.78 | 46.18 |
Syzygium cerina | 13.28 | 16.80 | 6.78 | 36.86 |
Buchanania arborescens | 12.91 | 12.00 | 6.78 | 31.69 |
Symplocos adenophylla | 7.41 | 9.87 | 6.78 | 24.06 |
Syzygium sp. 1 | 5.46 | 6.67 | 6.78 | 18.91 |
Psydrax sp. | 3.28 | 8.80 | 5.08 | 17.16 |
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus | 3.66 | 5.87 | 6.78 | 16.31 |
Calophyllum rupicola | 5.43 | 5.60 | 5.08 | 16.12 |
Syzygium sp. 3 | 4.54 | 2.40 | 5.08 | 12.03 |
Syzygium sp. 4 | 5.67 | 1.07 | 3.39 | 10.13 |
Study Area | Species | Family | AGB (t/ha) | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Setiu Wetlands: | Melaleuca cajuputi | Myrtaceae | 84.88 | 64.83 |
Melaleuca swamp | Ilex cymosa | Aquifoliaceae | 28.10 | 21.46 |
forest | Pouteria obovata | Sapotaceae | 4.17 | 3.18 |
Pittosporum ferrigenium | Pittosporaceae | 3.59 | 2.74 | |
Talipariti tiliaceus | Malvaceae | 3.51 | 2.68 | |
Mangrove forest | Rhizophora apiculata | Rhizophoraceae | 55.70 | 80.17 |
Excoecaria agallocha | Euphorbiaceae | 5.65 | 8.13 | |
Heritiera littoralis | Malvaceae | 2.01 | 2.89 | |
Pouteria obovata | Sapotaceae | 1.79 | 2.58 | |
Intsia bijuga | Fabaceae | 1.47 | 2.12 | |
Freshwater | Alstonia spatulata | Apocynaceae | 87.27 | 58.97 |
swamp forest | Gynotroches axillaris | Rhizophoraceae | 22.79 | 15.40 |
Macaranga hypoleuca | Euphorbiaceae | 17.7 | 11.96 | |
Vitex trifolia | Verbenaceae | 4.37 | 2.95 | |
Melaleuca cajuputi | Myrtaceae | 3.55 | 2.40 | |
Islands: Pulau | Syzygium cinereum | Myrtaceae | 26.49 | 11.99 |
Bidong | Lithocarpus rassa | Fagaceae | 25.18 | 11.62 |
Licania splendens | Chrysobalanaceae | 21.22 | 9.79 | |
Calophyllum rupicola | Calophyllaceae | 20.09 | 9.27 | |
Vatica sp. | Dipterocarpaceae | 16.21 | 7.48 | |
Pulau Redang | Shorea glauca | Dipterocarpaceae | 532.27 | 73.10 |
Swintonia floribunda | Anacardiaceae | 34.20 | 4.70 | |
Mangifera macrocarpa | Anacardiaceae | 29.67 | 4.08 | |
Artocarpus lanceifolius | Moraceae | 24.11 | 3.31 | |
Madhuca sericea | Sapotaceae | 23.12 | 3.18 | |
Pulau Perhentian | Vatica sp. | Dipterocarpaceae | 49.71 | 20.36 |
Buchanania arborescens | Anacardiaceae | 31.79 | 13.02 | |
Syzygium cerina | Myrtaceae | 29.34 | 12.02 | |
Syzygium sp.5 | Myrtaceae | 18.15 | 7.44 | |
Symplocos adenophylla | Symplocaceae | 17.48 | 7.16 |
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Pesiu, E.; Lee, G.E.; Salam, M.R.; Salim, J.M.; Lau, K.H.; Yong, J.W.H.; Abdullah, M.T. Species Composition, Diversity, and Biomass Estimation in Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102380
Pesiu E, Lee GE, Salam MR, Salim JM, Lau KH, Yong JWH, Abdullah MT. Species Composition, Diversity, and Biomass Estimation in Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Agronomy. 2022; 12(10):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102380
Chicago/Turabian StylePesiu, Elizabeth, Gaik Ee Lee, Muhammad Razali Salam, Jamilah Mohd Salim, Kah Hoo Lau, Jean Wan Hong Yong, and Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah. 2022. "Species Composition, Diversity, and Biomass Estimation in Coastal and Marine Protected Areas of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia" Agronomy 12, no. 10: 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102380