Biochar for Circular Horticulture: Feedstock Related Effects in Soilless Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Biochar: Definition and Use
1.2. Nutrients of Biochar
1.3. Feedstock Related Effects
1.4. Biochar Effecting Disease Suppression against Bortrytis cinerea on Strawberry
1.5. Research Questions and Hypothesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochar Production and Characterization
2.1.1. Biochar Production
2.1.2. Chemical Characterization and Data Handling
2.2. Leaching Experiment
2.2.1. Input Materials for the Leaching Test
2.2.2. Set-Up
2.2.3. Data Handling
2.3. Greenhouse Strawberry Experiment
2.3.1. Rationale
2.3.2. Experimental Set-Up
2.3.3. Chemical Characterization of the Growing Media, Plant Leaves, and Strawberry Fruits
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Characterization
3.2. Leaching Experiment
3.2.1. Course of the Leaching Experiment
3.2.2. Interaction of Biochar with Percolating Solution
3.3. Greenhouse Strawberry Experiment
3.3.1. Water Use, Plant Parameters and Disease Resistance
3.3.2. Nutrient Uptake
4. Discussion
4.1. Biochar: Effects on Salts and Nutrients
4.2. Biochar and Plant Growth
4.3. Biochar and Disease Suppression
4.4. Role of Biochar in Growing Media: Bulk Replacement or Additive
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Code | Matrix | Feedstock | pH-H2O | EC | C/N | IC | OC | N | Ash | Dry Bulk Density | Pore Volume | CEC | P | K | Mg | Ca | Na | Al | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | µS cm−1 | - | %/DM | g DM L−1 | vol% | cmolc (kg DM)−1 | g (kg DM)−1 | ||||||||||||
Ref biochar | biochar | Holm oak | 9.1 | 384 | 80 | 1.38 | 63 | 0.8 | 20 | 290 | 83 | 41.9 | 1.9 | 8.7 | 4.3 | 85 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.9 |
Flax650 | biochar, 650 °C | Flax shives | 9.8 | 392 | 136 | <0.08 | 94 | 0.7 | 12 | 57 | 97 | 36.4 | 3.6 | 13.8 | 3.3 | 17 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.1 |
Flax400 | biochar, 400 °C | Flax shives | 9.5 | 160 | 91 | <0.08 | 69 | 0.2 | 8 | 71 | 96 | 95.0 | 2.2 | 9.2 | 2.1 | 11 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
Misc650 | biochar, 650 °C | Miscanthus straw | 9.1 | 191 | 418 | <0.08 | 84 | 0.6 | 8 | 65 | 96 | 44.1 | 2.1 | 7.9 | 1.2 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Misc400 | biochar, 400 °C | Miscanthus straw | 8.7 | 42 | 157 | <0.08 | 71 | 0.3 | 6 | 54 | 97 | 50.5 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 1.2 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
For650 | biochar, 650 °C | Wood forestry management | 9.2 | 170 | 249 | <0.08 | 85 | 0.8 | 7 | 81 | 95 | 45.9 | 1.8 | 9.3 | 2.2 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
For400 | biochar, 400 °C | Wood forestry management | 8.7 | 168 | 150 | 0.22 | 86 | 0.5 | 5 | 96 | 94 | 56.4 | 1.2 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 10 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Speat650 | biochar, 650 °C | Spent peat, batch1 | 8.7 | 718 | 66 | <0.08 | 78 | 1.2 | 27 | 90 | 95 | 17.8 | 2.4 | 8.3 | 9.4 | 60 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
Speat400 | biochar, 400 °C | Spent peat, batch1 | 9.8 | 1231 | 43 | 0.50 | 56 | 1.2 | 23 | 189 | 89 | 57.9 | 2.2 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 49 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.3 |
Scoir650 | biochar, 650 °C | Spent coir, batch2 | 9.7 | 556 | 73 | <0.08 | 85 | 1.3 | 22 | 64 | 96 | 36.7 | 3.5 | 13.1 | 1.4 | 37 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
Speat3-650 | biochar, 650 °C | Spent peat, batch3 | 9.6 | 747 | 60 | 0.72 | 71 | 1.2 | 23 | 171 | 90 | 14.3 | 2.1 | 9.7 | 7.2 | 53 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 0.4 |
Scoir4-650 | biochar, 650 °C | Spent coir, batch4 | 9.3 | 479 | 68 | 0.53 | 68 | 1.0 | 26 | 98 | 94 | 19.7 | 2.6 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 53 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 0.7 |
SGM | Spent peat, batch1 | 6.3 | 599 | 37 | 0.06 | 46 | 1.2 | 11 | 71 | 96 | 112.0 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 23 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.1 | |
SGM | Spent peat, batch3 | 5.7 | 912 | 35 | <0.08 | 43 | 1.2 | 23 | 185 | 93 | 83.8 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 22 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 | |
SGM | Spent coir, batch2 | 4.2 | 431 | 39 | <0.01 | 46 | 1.2 | 8 | 41 | 97 | 109.3 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
SGM | Spent coir, batch4 | 5.7 | 882 | 31 | <0.08 | 45 | 1.4 | 20 | 126 | 95 | 101.0 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 22 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
Fe | Al | Mn | Mg | Ca | K | Na | P | NO3-N | NH4-N | SO4 | Cl | pH | EC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg L−1 | - | µS cm−1 | ||||||||||||
Fertigation solution | 0.5 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 15 | 0 | 96 | 1.2 | 24.1 | 75 | 123 | 304 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 1593 |
100% peat | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.06 (0) | 25 (1) | 67 (2) | 52 (3) | 5.1 (0.7) | 21.5 (0.2) | 66 (1) | 75 (0) | 274 (9) | 3.7 (0.5) | 4.4 (0) | 1383 (22) |
Ref biochar | 0.7 (0.0) *** | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.23 (0.00) *** | 25 (0) | 83 (0) ** | 137 (1) *** | 9.9 (1.1) | 25.3 (0.3) *** | 59 (1) | 41 (6) ** | 267 (4) | 5.7 (0.9) | 6.4 (0.0) *** | 1340 (44) |
Flax650 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.00) | 21 (2) | 53 (2) * | 83 (0) *** | 6.9 (0.9) | 25.5 (0.4) *** | 55 (7) * | 68 (6) | 271 (8) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.0) | 1330 (48) |
Misc650 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.02) * | 26 (3) | 65 (6) | 66 (4) ** | 7.5 (1.7) | 21.1 (1.2) | 60 (4) | 59 (11) | 273 (1) | 6.0 (1.4) | 4.4 (0.0) | 1283 (74) |
For400 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.02) | 23 (1) | 61 (3) | 70 (2) *** | 6.8 (0.5) | 22.0 (0.0) | 68 (3) | 71 (2) | 278 (7) | 4.5 (0.1) | 4.4 (0.0) | 1371 (8) |
For650 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.01) | 22 (1) | 56 (4) | 72 (2) *** | 5.7 (1.0) | 21.6 (0.4) | 63 (0) | 73 (6) | 272 (0) | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.1) | 1373 (42) |
Speat650 | 1.1 (0.0) * | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.01) | 22 (0) | 61 (4) | 79 (4) *** | 11.7 (2.7) | 22.0 (0.4) | 52 (2) * | 70 (5) | 317 (27) * | 9.5 (2.2) ** | 5.0 (0.0) *** | 1374 (7) |
Scoir650 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.04) | 20 (0) * | 52 (1) ** | 86 (0) *** | 11.2 (2.0) * | 24.1 (0.4) ** | 58 (0) | 73 (3) | 300 (3) | 9.0 (1.6) ** | 4.7 (0.1) ** | 1380 (41) |
p (ANOVA) | <0.0001 | 0.29 | 0.0002 | 0.031 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.0135 | <0.0001 | 0.0118 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.0065 | <0.0001 | 0.33 |
Fe | Al | Mn | Mg | Ca | K | Na | P | NO3-N | NH4-N | SO4 | Cl | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100% peat | 2.1 (0.3) | 0.33 (0.02) | −0.84 (0.19) | 26 (1) | 149 (22) | −46 (11) | 8.7 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.7) | 13 (5) | −45 (19) | 67 (30) | 5.2 (0.2) |
Ref biochar | 0.7 (0.0) ** | 0.27 (0.07) | −0.26 (0.08) * | 26 (4) | 162 (27) | 134 (11) *** | 14.1 (0.9) ** | 19.8 (1.7) *** | 19 (7) | −57 (11) | 100 (16) | 7.4 (0.0) |
Flax650 | 2.3 (0.3) | 0.37 (0.00) | −0.94 (0.14) | 21 (3) | 136 (9) | 25 (5) *** | 14.0 (0.3) ** | 16.6 (0.9) | −1 (22) | −56 (3) | 70 (28) | 6.9 (0.2) |
Misc650 | 1.8 (0.2) | 0.38 (0.09) | −0.50 (0.21) | 26 (2) | 123 (17) | −3 (5) *** | 10.9 (0.2) | 8.3 (0.4) | 13 (0) | −43 (7) | 94 (14) | 7.6 (0.4) * |
For400 | 2.0 (0.2) | 0.34 (0.01) | −0.79 (0.00) | 23 (3) | 141 (14) | −11 (0) ** | 12.8 (1.3) | 7.6 (1.6) | 20 (12) | −52 (0) | 82 (29) | 6.1 (0.8) |
For650 | 2.2 (0.4) | 0.29 (0.05) | −0.89 (0.26) | 22 (1) | 138 (22) | −5 (4) ** | 10.9 (0.1) | 6.7 (0.2) | 9 (4) | −47 (11) | 68 (14) | 6.6 (0.4) |
Speat650 | 2.2 (0.2) | 0.40 (0.02) | −0.84 (0.17) | 24 (1) | 161 (15) | 17 (6) *** | 25.7 (1.9) *** | 9.7 (1.1) *** | −3 (4) | −52 (1) | 173 (48) * | 18.1 (1.3) *** |
Scoir650 | 2.3 (0.4) | 0.36 (0.09) | −0.96 (0.07) | 18 (2) | 141 (16) | 35 (3) *** | 24.8 (1.0) *** | 14.1 (1.7) *** | 10 (2) | −48 (5) | 142 (13) | 17.1 (1.2) *** |
p (ANOVA) | 0.006 | 0.34 | 0.024 | 0.56 | 0.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Fe (%) | Mn (%) | K (%) | NO3-N (%) | NH4-N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100% peat | −201 (15) | 86 (1) | 24 (0) | −10 (5) | 18 (4) |
Ref biochar | −100 (20) ** | 39 (2) *** | −104 (18) *** | −20 (12) | 34 (2) *** |
Flax650 | −194 (2) | 85 (2) | −12 (4) ** | 0 (13) | 20 (2) |
Misc650 | −229 (48) | 64 (8) ** | 1 (3) * | −12 (3) | 23 (3) |
For400 | −186 (5) | 81 (5) | 6 (0) | −13 (7) | 21 (1) |
For650 | −193 (13) | 84 (3) | 2 (1) | −6 (4) | 18 (0) |
Speat650 | −178 (14) | 74 (1) | −8 (4) ** | 2 (3) | 19 (4) |
Scoir650 | −183 (2) | 83 (7) | −16 (1) ** | −6 (0) | 17 (1) |
p (ANOVA) | 0.0077 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1848 | 0.0018 |
Treatment | Above Green Parts | Strawberry Yield | Total Fresh Biomass | Root Score(0–3) | TLA | CCI | × 1000 = Total Plant CCI | AUDPC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | DW | Number of Fruits/Plant | Fruit Weight/Plant | |||||||
g | g | - | g | g FW | - | cm2 | - | - | - | |
0.70 g PGMix L−1 | 49.3 (4.3) | 11.1 (0.6) | 16.7 (1.6) | 77.0 (11.6) | 126.3 (14.0) | 2.0 (0.0) | 675.3 (63.1) | 35.9 (3.8) | 23.6 (2.5) ** | 2.4 (0.2) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 | 55.5 (8.8) | 13.0 (0.5) | 15.2 (2.1) | 96.8 (13.7) | 152.3 (15.7) | 1.8 (0.2) | 912.4 (66.2) | 39.6 (2.9) | 34.0 (4.1) | 2.3 (0.3) |
1.40 g PGMix L−1 | 66.5 (10.4) | 14.7 (1.0) | 15.2 (1.0) | 90.0 (5.3) | 156.5 (12.8) | 2.3 (0.3) | 1003.1 (82.4) | 39.3 (4.1) | 40.2 (5.0) | 2.4 (0.3) |
1.75 g PGMix L−1 | 55.2 (5.0) | 14.8 (0.8) | 14.5 (1.4) | 83.8 (9.7) | 139.1 (13.6) | 1.8 (0.3) | 1001.8 (103.7) | 41.0 (6.8) | 46.5 (1.2) | 2.5 (0.2) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Ref biochar (2 g L−1) | 51.5(9.6) | 12.9 (1.0) | 11.2 (2.2) | 58.3 (2.2) | 109.9 (24.2) | 2.0 (0.4) | 699.5 (101.7) | 56.5 (5.2) * | 38.4 (3.0) | 2.2 (0.3) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + For650 (2 g L−1) | 50.8 (12.6) | 10.4 (1.2) * | 11.5 (3.0) | 67.2 (3.0) | 118.0 (27.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 679.5 (94.4) | 34.6 (3.9) | 23.1 (3.0) | 2.4 (0.2) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Speat650 (2 g L−1) | 43.6 (2.4) | 10.9 (0.8) | 11.0 (2.9) | 64.2 (2.9) | 107.8 (21.8) | 1.5 (0.2) | 681.6 (93.2) * | 53.5 (7.8) | 36.9 (1.8) | 2.5 (0.2) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Scoir650 (2 g L−1) | 53.9 (6.8) | 12.1 (0.8) | 17.6 (1.1) | 96.2 (1.1) | 150.0 (10.2) | 1.7 (0.2) | 862.8 (43.4) | 38.6 (4.0) | 33.7 (4.5) | 2.0 (0.2) |
Treatment: Limed Peat + | N | P | K | Mg | Ca | Na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.70 g PGMix L−1 | 108 (13) | 21 (2) | 74 (16) | 43 (5) | 109 (9) | 0.33 (0.09) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 | 135 (10) | 28 (5) | 99 (16) | 47 (5) | 118 (14) | 0.35 (0.08) |
1.40 g PGMix L−1 | 141 (11) | 28 (3) | 130 (10) | 47 (8) | 122 (21) | 0.36 (0.1) |
1.75 g PGMix L−1 | 157 (23) | 36 (6) | 147 (20) * | 48 (8) | 116 (20) | 0.43 (0.11) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Ref biochar (2 g L−1) | 159 (23) | 39 (8) * | 153 (31) ** | 53 (8) | 156 (22) *** | 0.39 (0.1) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + For650 (2 g L−1) | 127 (32) | 31 (8) | 97 (42) | 40 (9) | 109 (27) | 0.33 (0.09) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Speat650 (2 g L−1) | 132 (27) | 32 (7) | 122 (38) | 43 (7) | 121 (17) | 0.38 (0.07) |
1.05 g PGMix L−1 + Scoir650 (2 g L−1) | 119 (21) | 26 (5) | 98 (21) | 44 (6) | 125 (19) | 0.36 (0.07) |
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Amery, F.; Debode, J.; Ommeslag, S.; Visser, R.; De Tender, C.; Vandecasteele, B. Biochar for Circular Horticulture: Feedstock Related Effects in Soilless Cultivation. Agronomy 2021, 11, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040629
Amery F, Debode J, Ommeslag S, Visser R, De Tender C, Vandecasteele B. Biochar for Circular Horticulture: Feedstock Related Effects in Soilless Cultivation. Agronomy. 2021; 11(4):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040629
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmery, Fien, Jane Debode, Sarah Ommeslag, Rian Visser, Caroline De Tender, and Bart Vandecasteele. 2021. "Biochar for Circular Horticulture: Feedstock Related Effects in Soilless Cultivation" Agronomy 11, no. 4: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040629