The Perfect Match: Adjusting High Tree Density to Rootstock Vigor for Improving Cropping and Land Use Efficiency of Sweet Orange
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Tree Density and Experimental Design
2.3. Experimental Area and Tree Care Conditions
2.4. Tree Size and Row Volume (RV) Estimation
2.5. FY per Tree and Productivity per Hectare
2.6. Production Efficiency and Land Use
2.7. Fruit Quality
2.8. Harvesting Efficiency
2.9. Spray Coverage
2.10. HLB Incidence
2.11. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Tree Size and RV Estimation
3.2. FY per Tree and FP per Hectare
3.3. Production Efficiency and Land Use
3.4. Fruit Quality
3.5. Efficiency of Harvesting
3.6. Spray Coverage
3.7. HLB Incidence
4. Discussion
4.1. Increasing the Tree Density Works Best, as Long as Highly Productive Rootstocks Are Available
4.2. The Rootstock, Rather Than the Tree Density, Is Decisive for Sweet Orange Quality for Processing
4.3. Cropping Practices Can Benefit from Ultra-High Pedestrian Orchards
4.4. Intensively Managed, Improved Rootstocks Increase the Efficiency of Land Use in Citriculture
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Rootstock (Spraying System) | Tree Spacing In-Rows Between-Rows | Tree Row Volume | Spray Volume | Speed | Number of Nozzles | Application Flow | Nozzle Type 1 | Pressure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | (m3·ha−1) | (mL·m−3) | (L·ha−1) | (km·h−1) | (L·min−1·nozzle−1) | (psi) | ||||
IAC 1710 (bilateral) | 5.00 | 2.00 | 28,682 | 25 | 717 | 7.8 | 52 | 0.896 | AD2/AC25 | 116 |
70 | 2008 | 4.5 | 52 | 1.448 | AD4/AC25 | 101 | ||||
70 | 2008 | 7.8 | 52 | 2.510 | AD5/AC25 | 158 | ||||
120 | 3442 | 1.7 | 52 | 0.938 | AD2/AC25 | 127 | ||||
120 | 3442 | 4.5 | 52 | 2.482 | AD5/AC25 | 154 | ||||
6.50 | 3.00 | 21,225 | 25 | 531 | 7.8 | 52 | 0.862 | AD2/AC25 | 108 | |
70 | 1486 | 4.5 | 52 | 1.393 | AD3/AC25 | 189 | ||||
70 | 1486 | 7.8 | 52 | 2.414 | AD5/AC25 | 146 | ||||
120 | 2547 | 1.7 | 52 | 0.902 | AD2/AC25 | 118 | ||||
120 | 2547 | 4.5 | 52 | 2.388 | AD5/AC25 | 143 | ||||
Swingle 4× (bilateral) | 5.00 | 2.00 | 11,048 | 25 | 276 | 7.8 | 30 | 0.598 | AD2/AC23 | 128 |
70 | 773 | 4.5 | 30 | 0.967 | AD2/AC25 | 135 | ||||
70 | 773 | 7.8 | 30 | 1.676 | AD4/AC25 | 135 | ||||
120 | 1326 | 1.7 | 30 | 0.626 | AD2/AC23 | 140 | ||||
120 | 1326 | 4.5 | 30 | 1.657 | AD4/AC25 | 132 | ||||
6.50 | 3.00 | 7147 | 25 | 179 | 7.8 | 30 | 0.503 | AD2/AC23 | 90 | |
70 | 500 | 4.5 | 30 | 0.813 | AD2/AC25 | 96 | ||||
70 | 500 | 7.8 | 30 | 1.409 | AD3/AC25 | 193 | ||||
120 | 858 | 1.7 | 30 | 0.526 | AD2/AC23 | 99 | ||||
120 | 858 | 4.5 | 30 | 1.394 | AD3/AC25 | 189 | ||||
Swingle 4× (unilateral) | 25 | 179 | 7.8 | 15 | 0.503 | AD2/AC23 | 90 | |||
6.50 | 3.00 | 7147 | 70 | 500 | 4.5 | 15 | 0.813 | AD2/AC25 | 96 | |
120 | 858 | 1.7 | 15 | 0.526 | AD2/AC23 | 99 |
Tree Density | FW | SS | TA | MI 1 | TI 2 | JC | IY 3 | SSY 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Trees·ha−1) | (g) | (°Brix) | (%) | (kg SS·Box−1) | (%) | (Boxes·t−1) | (kg SS·ha−1) | |
2017 | ||||||||
513 | 177 a | 12.63 a | 0.77 a | 16.94 a | 2.98 a | 57.94 a | 222 a | 3536 c |
697 | 167 a | 12.87 a | 0.81 a | 16.19 a | 2.99 a | 57.02 a | 221 a | 4102 b |
1000 | 170 a | 12.89 a | 0.78 a | 16.68 a | 3.07 a | 58.50 a | 216 a | 4891 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 160 b | 13.30 a | 0.81 a | 16.61 a | 3.21 a | 59.10 a | 206 c | 4790 ab |
IAC 1710 | 187 a | 11.67 c | 0.67 b | 17.45 a | 2.79 c | 58.61 ab | 237 a | 5100 a |
Swingle | 178 a | 12.60 b | 0.84 a | 15.29 a | 2.95 b | 57.44 bc | 224 b | 4464 b |
Swingle 4× | 159 b | 13.61 a | 0.82 a | 17.05 a | 3.11 a | 56.13 c | 212 c | 2352 c |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.0914 | 0.2097 | 0.4364 | 0.5373 | 0.0851 | 0.0602 | 0.1090 | 0.0002 |
Rootstock (R) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0022 | 0.0760 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.5685 | 0.666 | 0.5361 | 0.6836 | 0.8311 | 0.0597 | 0.8074 | 0.3698 |
CV% (D) | 6.39 | 3.12 | 10.29 | 11.07 | 3.37 | 2.38 | 3.57 | 9.02 |
CV% (R) | 7.80 | 3.06 | 13.45 | 12.20 | 3.06 | 2.12 | 3.37 | 10.49 |
Tree density (trees·ha−1) | 2018 | |||||||
513 | 242 a | 10.99 a | 0.82 a | 13.64 a | 2.18 a | 48.48 a | 306 a | 1978 b |
697 | 230 a | 11.23 a | 0.87 a | 13.19 a | 2.18 a | 47.55 a | 305 a | 2396 ab |
1000 | 234 a | 11.31 a | 0.89 a | 13.02 a | 2.21 a | 47.81 a | 302 a | 2563 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 220 b | 11.82 a | 0.89 a | 13.43 ab | 2.43 a | 50.42 a | 272 b | 2388 b |
IAC 1710 | 232 ab | 10.75 b | 0.76 b | 14.19 a | 2.16 b | 49.11 ab | 308 a | 3470 a |
Swingle | 248 a | 10.94 b | 0.91 a | 12.25 b | 2.11 b | 47.12 bc | 316 a | 2389 b |
Swingle 4× | 241 ab | 11.20 b | 0.87 ab | 13.25 ab | 2.06 b | 45.13 c | 322 a | 1003 c |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.3273 | 0.2560 | 0.2696 | 0.6841 | 0.8598 | 0.4797 | 0.8862 | 0.0241 |
Rootstock (R) | 0.0101 | 0.0003 | 0.0130 | 0.0551 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.5345 | 0.8756 | 0.8059 | 0.9328 | 0.7700 | 0.6584 | 0.8162 | 0.9439 |
CV% (D) | 8.82 | 4.44 | 12.84 | 15.16 | 7.78 | 4.36 | 8.54 | 19.18 |
CV% (R) | 8.29 | 4.83 | 12.59 | 12.35 | 7.75 | 4.24 | 7.97 | 24.71 |
Tree Density | FW | SS | TA | MI 1 | TI 2 | JC | IY 3 | SSY 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Trees·ha−1) | (g) | (°Brix) | (%) | (kg SS·Box−1) | (%) | (Boxes·t−1) | (kg SS·ha−1) | |
2019 | ||||||||
513 | 212 a | 11.20 a | 0.59 a | 19.32 a | 2.50 b | 54.70 a | 266 a | 3668 b |
697 | 208 a | 11.47 a | 0.58 a | 19.76 a | 2.55 ab | 54.44 a | 261 ab | 4210 ab |
1000 | 192 b | 11.67 a | 0.60 a | 19.51 a | 2.64 a | 55.39 a | 252 b | 4877 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 183 c | 12.54 a | 0.62 a | 20.29 ab | 2.95 a | 57.57 a | 224 b | 4583 a |
IAC 1710 | 199 b | 10.69 c | 0.61 a | 17.45 c | 2.43 b | 55.73 ab | 272 a | 5647 a |
Swingle | 212 ab | 11.19 b | 0.60 a | 18.70 bc | 2.47 b | 54.20 b | 267 a | 4815 a |
Swingle 4× | 222 a | 11.37 b | 0.53 b | 21.69 a | 2.41 b | 51.88 c | 275 a | 1962 b |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.0151 | 0.1016 | 0.7502 | 0.8529 | 0.0501 | 0.0540 | 0.0488 | 0.0320 |
Rootstock (R) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0013 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.4771 | 0.3575 | 0.0867 | 0.3126 | 0.2693 | 0.5327 | 0.1992 | 0.5011 |
CV% (D) | 4.64 | 3.44 | 9.64 | 9.71 | 3.53 | 1.21 | 3.67 | 16.29 |
CV% (R) | 5.75 | 3.15 | 7.13 | 8.56 | 4.72 | 2.93 | 4.81 | 19.11 |
Tree density (trees·ha−1) | 2020 | |||||||
513 | 212 a | 12.44 a | 0.65 a | 19.38 a | 3.15 a | 61.99 a | 211 a | 3162 a |
697 | 196 a | 12.72 a | 0.67 a | 19.48 a | 3.19 a | 61.42 a | 208 a | 3652 a |
1000 | 193 a | 12.69 a | 0.71 a | 18.07 a | 3.14 a | 60.75 a | 211 a | 3315 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 189 b | 13.18 a | 0.75 a | 17.83 b | 3.28 a | 60.91 a | 202 a | 2563 b |
IAC 1710 | 191 b | 12.23 b | 0.65 ab | 18.81 ab | 3.06 a | 61.34 a | 217 a | 4377 a |
Swingle | 203 ab | 12.62 ab | 0.67 ab | 19.14 ab | 3.20 a | 62.12 a | 207 a | 4113 a |
Swingle 4× | 218 a | 12.44 ab | 0.64 b | 20.13 a | 3.10 a | 61.18 a | 214 a | 2452 b |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.1557 | 0.6916 | 0.5500 | 0.3949 | 0.9173 | 0.3950 | 0.9239 | 0.4181 |
Rootstock (R) | <0.0001 | 0.0123 | 0.0345 | 0.0671 | 0.0675 | 0.5341 | 0.0826 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.6294 | 0.5114 | 0.6651 | 0.8442 | 0.9436 | 0.5396 | 0.9425 | 0.0909 |
CV% (D) | 12.89 | 7.88 | 24.02 | 15.92 | 10.27 | 3.87 | 10.31 | 29.55 |
CV% (R) | 6.99 | 5.38 | 13.28 | 10.56 | 6.51 | 3.42 | 6.98 | 16.34 |
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Tree Density | FW | SS | TA | MI 1 | TI 2 | JC | IY 3 | SSY 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Trees·ha−1) | (g) | (°Brix) | (%) | (kg SS·Box−1) | (%) | (Boxes·t−1) | (kg SS·ha−1) | |
513 | 211 a | 11.86 b | 0.72 a | 17.13 a | 2.72 a | 55.83 a | 250 a | 12,171 c |
697 | 200 b | 12.13 ab | 0.74 a | 17.02 a | 2.75 a | 55.21 a | 248 a | 14,136 b |
1000 | 198 b | 12.18 a | 0.76 a | 16.57 a | 2.78 a | 55.65 a | 244 a | 15,392 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 189 b | 12.71 a | 0.78 a | 16.78 b | 2.96 a | 56.94 a | 226 b | 13,974 c |
IAC 1710 | 203 a | 11.38 c | 0.68 c | 16.90 b | 2.62 b | 56.22 ab | 257 a | 18,295 a |
Swingle | 210 a | 11.90 b | 0.77 ab | 16.14 b | 2.70 b | 55.33 b | 252 a | 15,590 b |
Swingle 4× | 210 a | 12.22 b | 0.73 b | 17.79 a | 2.70 b | 53.77 c | 254 a | 7739 d |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.0071 | 0.0303 | 0.2749 | 0.5988 | 0.1983 | 0.1969 | 0.1839 | 0.0003 |
Rootstock (R) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.9796 | 0.6517 | 0.2961 | 0.1998 | 0.9213 | 0.3285 | 0.9001 | 0.0963 |
CV% (D) | 4.02 | 2.21 | 9.35 | 9.36 | 3.07 | 1.57 | 3.31 | 7.05 |
CV% (R) | 3.62 | 2.68 | 5.12 | 4.37 | 3.61 | 1.64 | 3.79 | 8.27 |
Tree Density | HET | HEW | HEF |
---|---|---|---|
(Trees·ha−1) | (min·Tree−1) | (kg·min−1) | [min·(1000 Fruits−1)] |
513 | 21.78 a | 4.72 a | 38.54 a |
697 | 17.98 b | 4.56 a | 37.31 a |
1000 | 16.53 b | 4.40 a | 40.54 a |
Rootstock | |||
IAC 1697 | 19.2 b | 4.61 b | 35.38 b |
IAC 1710 | 26.2 a | 4.34 b | 44.33 a |
Swingle | 20.9 b | 4.19 b | 43.54 a |
Swingle 4× | 8.6 c | 5.11 a | 31.95 b |
p-values | |||
Density (D) | 0.0005 | 0.1503 | 0.1313 |
Rootstock (R) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.1846 | 0.0649 | 0.5100 |
CV% | 15.98 | 12.68 | 14.15 |
Tree Density | Cumulative HLB Incidence 1 | Mean AUDPC 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Trees·ha−1) | 2014 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
513 | 0.03 a | 0.08 a | 0.08 a | 0.10 a | 0.10 a | 0.11 a | 0.16 a | 0.62 a |
697 | 0.04 a | 0.09 a | 0.09 a | 0.13 a | 0.14 a | 0.15 a | 0.21 a | 0.78 a |
1000 | 0.02 a | 0.06 a | 0.07 a | 0.11 a | 0.13 a | 0.14 a | 0.21 a | 0.66 a |
Rootstock | ||||||||
IAC 1697 | 0.04 a | 0.08 a | 0.10 a | 0.14 a | 0.14 a | 0.15 a | 0.18 ab | 0.78 a |
IAC 1710 | 0.04 a | 0.11 a | 0.11 a | 0.14 a | 0.15 a | 0.17 a | 0.27 a | 0.92 a |
Swingle | 0.04 a | 0.07 ab | 0.07 ab | 0.09 ab | 0.10 a | 0.11 a | 0.18 ab | 0.60 ab |
Swingle 4× | 0.01 b | 0.04 b | 0.05 b | 0.07 b | 0.09 a | 0.10 a | 0.14 b | 0.45 b |
p-values | ||||||||
Density (D) | 0.4340 | 0.1920 | 0.3100 | 0.3100 | 0.1030 | 0.1970 | 0.1770 | 0.433 |
Rootstock (R) | 0.0440 | 0.0080 | 0.0060 | 0.0020 | 0.0550 | 0.1120 | 0.0020 | <0.0001 |
D × R | 0.6220 | 0.1730 | 0.0910 | 0.1650 | 0.4000 | 0.1340 | 0.6790 | 0.0800 |
CV% | 151.46 | 91.93 | 84.48 | 69.93 | 61.99 | 61.65 | 56.76 | 44.96 |
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Girardi, E.A.; Sola, J.G.P.; Scapin, M.d.S.; Moreira, A.S.; Bassanezi, R.B.; Ayres, A.J.; Peña, L. The Perfect Match: Adjusting High Tree Density to Rootstock Vigor for Improving Cropping and Land Use Efficiency of Sweet Orange. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122569
Girardi EA, Sola JGP, Scapin MdS, Moreira AS, Bassanezi RB, Ayres AJ, Peña L. The Perfect Match: Adjusting High Tree Density to Rootstock Vigor for Improving Cropping and Land Use Efficiency of Sweet Orange. Agronomy. 2021; 11(12):2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122569
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirardi, Eduardo Augusto, João Gabriel Panegossi Sola, Marcelo da Silva Scapin, Alécio Souza Moreira, Renato Beozzo Bassanezi, Antonio Juliano Ayres, and Leandro Peña. 2021. "The Perfect Match: Adjusting High Tree Density to Rootstock Vigor for Improving Cropping and Land Use Efficiency of Sweet Orange" Agronomy 11, no. 12: 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122569