Starch Accumulation and Granule Size Distribution of Cassava cv. Rayong 9 Grown under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions Using Different Growing Seasons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials, Experimental Design and Crop Management
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Meteorological Condition and Soil Properties
2.2.2. Storage Root Dry Weight and Sample Preparation for Laboratory Analyses
2.2.3. Determination of Starch Content and Starch Yield
2.2.4. Determination of Starch Granule Size Distribution
2.2.5. Determination of Amylose and Amylopectin
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather Conditions and Soil Water Status
3.2. Starch Content, Starch Yield and Storage Root Dry Weight
3.3. Starch Granule Size Distribution, Amylose and Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin
3.4. Combined Analysis of Variance
3.5. Stepwise Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Physicochemical Property | 20-Apr | 30-Jun | 5-Oct | 15-Dec | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | 0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | 0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | 0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | |
Physical property | ||||||||
Sand (%) | 83.9 | 84.4 | 85.4 | 78.5 | 85.5 | 73.0 | 85.8 | 78.3 |
Silt (%) | 10.0 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 12.3 |
Clay (%) | 6.1 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 14.0 | 6.0 | 17.0 | 4.1 | 9.5 |
Chemical properties at preplanting | ||||||||
Total N (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Available P (mg kg−1) | 61.2 | 56.5 | 24.5 | 17.2 | 62.9 | 22.7 | 25.7 | 17.4 |
Exchangeable K (mg kg−1) | 54.6 | 35.6 | 34.2 | 20.2 | 49.0 | 12.8 | 41.4 | 16.6 |
Exchangeable Ca (mg kg−1) | 339 | 387 | 335 | 379 | 200 | 287 | 245 | 225 |
Mg (mg kg−1) | 36.3 | 34.9 | 50.4 | 46.3 | 39.7 | 40.1 | 30.8 | 38.4 |
S (mg kg−1) | 53.5 | 43.2 | 47.5 | 41.1 | 5.4 | 19.3 | 3.0 | 8.3 |
Exchangeable Na (mg kg−1) | 47.4 | 42.4 | 24.8 | 25.3 | 26.2 | 24.9 | 25.7 | 24.0 |
pH (1:1 H2O) | 6.6 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
EC (dS m−1) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
OM (%) | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.34 |
CEC (cmol kg−1) | 3.3 | 5.3 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 4.8 |
Months after Planting | 20-Apr | 30-Jun | 5-Oct | 15-Dec | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation | Rainfed | Irrigation | Rainfed | Irrigation | Rainfed | Irrigation | Rainfed | |
1–3 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 56 |
4–6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 65 |
7–9 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 6 |
10–12 | 0 | 81 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
Sum | 0 | 181 | 0 | 177 | 0 | 176 | 0 | 145 |
Planting Date | Starch Yield (kg ha−1) | LSD | Storage Root Dry Weight (kg ha−1) | LSD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigated | Rainfed | Irrigated † | Rainfed | |||
20-Apr | 14,489a | 9022c | ** | 20,240a | 10,538c | ** |
30-Jun | 9227b | 9339c | ns | 11,601b | 11,161c | ns |
5-Oct | 14,974a | 15,004b | ns | 18,437a | 17,350b | ns |
15-Dec | 15,929a | 17,779a | ns | 19,114a | 20,628a | ns |
Mean | 14,155 | 12,786 | 17,348 | 14,919 |
Planting Date | Granule Size Distribution (µm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigated | Rainfed | |||||
d (0.1) | d (0.5) | d (0.9) | d (0.1) | d (0.5) | d (0.9) | |
20-Apr | 7.21 | 15.94 | 29.39b | 6.71 | 15.82 | 30.04b |
30-Jun | 7.81 | 16.47 | 31.81a | 7.32 | 15.89 | 30.80b |
5-Oct | 7.82 | 16.24 | 31.16a | 7.96 | 17.33 | 33.78a |
15-Dec | 7.31 | 16.16 | 30.96a | 8.54 | 17.19 | 31.34ab |
Mean | 7.54 | 16.2 | 30.83 | 7.63 | 16.56 | 31.49 |
Source of Variance | df | Starch Content (%) | Starch Yield (kg ha−1) | Granule Size (d (0.05)) | Amylose (%) | Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planting date (D) | 3 | 12.91 (14.8) * | 84,800,000 (60.8) ** | 0.721 (38.2) * | 15.66 (50.5) ** | 0.00461 (53.7) ** |
Reps within D | 12 | 2.81 (12.9) | 2,190,282 (6.3) | 0.081 (5.2) | 1.79 (15.8) | 0.00050 (16.3) |
Water regime (W) | 1 | 136.13 (52.1) ** | 14,990,000 (3.6) * | 0.501 (7.9) ns | 6.46 (6.3) ns | 0.00151 (5.3) ns |
D × W | 2 | 1.88 (2.2) ns | 34,460,000 (24.7) ** | 0.695 (33.0) * | 2.16 (6.3) ns | 0.00055 (5.8) ns |
Pooled error | 12 | 3.94 (18.1) | 1,639,082 (4.7) | 0.310 (15.6) | 1.82 (21.1) | 0.00045 (18.8) |
CV a (%) | 2.01 | 10.99 | 1.74 | 6.12 | 8.00 | |
CV b (%) | 2.38 | 9.50 | 3.40 | 6.17 | 7.52 |
Months after Planting | Variable | Coefficient | t | Determination Coefficient (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Starch content (%) for irrigated crops | ||||
1–3 | Constant | 81.31 | 8.82 * | 0.38 |
Solar radiation | 2.85 | 2.88 * | ||
3–6 | Constant | 80.62 | 19.8 * | 0.45 |
Solar radiation | 1.82 | 2.8 * | ||
6–9 | Constant | 53.41 | 4.98 ** | 0.35 |
Photoperiod (h) | 3.10 | 4.15 * | ||
9–12 | Constant | 68.55 | 18.1 ** | 0.44 |
Relative humidity (%) | 1.09 | 3.44 * | ||
Starch content (%) for rainfed crops | ||||
1–3 | Constant | 85.4 | 84.5 * | 0.42 |
Rainfall | −1.38 | −1.89 * | ||
3–6 | Constant | 98.1 | 79.88 * | 0.38 |
Solar radiation | 1.42 | 2.10 * | ||
6–9 | Constant | 80.70 | 18.30 ** | 0.40 |
Solar radiation | 0.01 | 4.17 ** | ||
Maximum air temperature (%) | −0.31 | −2.85 * | ||
9–12 | Constant | 101.1 | 23.27 ** | 0.38 |
Solar radiation | −9.71 | −3.61 ** |
Months after Planting | Variable | Coefficient | t | Determination Coefficient (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Starch yield (kg ha−1) for irrigated crops | ||||
1–3 | Constant | −2.53 | −6.26 ** | 0.82 |
Solar radiation | −74,033 | −5.25 ** | ||
Mean air temperature | 3.18 | 5.25 ** | ||
Rainfall | −57,471 | −4.28 ** | ||
3–6 | Constant | −400,029 | −4.24 ** | 0.83 |
Solar radiation | −36.61 | −7.67 ** | ||
Photoperiod (h) | 10,073.7 | 4.13 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | −182.73 | −3.97 ** | ||
6–9 | Constant | −125,540 | −5.10 ** | 0.82 |
Photoperiod (h) | 8724 | 5.97 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | 731.7 | 6.70 ** | ||
Rainfall | −39.7 | −5.21 ** | ||
9–12 | Constant | 44,122 | 3.64 ** | 0.84 |
Solar radiation | −70.1 | −3.29 ** | ||
Photoperiod (h) | 8223 | 4.55 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | −254.5 | −4.16 ** | ||
Starch yield (kg ha−1) for rainfed crops | ||||
1–3 | Constant | 78,631 | 5.88 | 0.83 |
Mean air temperature | −5364 | −4.93 | ||
3–6 | Constant | −12,547 | −1.78 ns | 0.92 |
Photoperiod (h) | 3624 | 6.18 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | −285 | −11.82 ** | ||
6–9 | Constant | −46,399 | −8.18 ** | 0.91 |
Photoperiod (h) | 4224 | 7.73 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | 140 | 3.46 ** | ||
9–12 | Constant | 41,178 | 5.09 ** | 0.91 |
Photoperiod (h) | −3835 | −5.70 ** | ||
Relative humidity (%) | 280 | 11.19 ** |
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Janket, A.; Vorasoot, N.; Toomsan, B.; Kaewpradit, W.; Jogloy, S.; Theerakulpisut, P.; Holbrook, C.C.; Kvien, C.K.; Banterng, P. Starch Accumulation and Granule Size Distribution of Cassava cv. Rayong 9 Grown under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions Using Different Growing Seasons. Agronomy 2020, 10, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030412
Janket A, Vorasoot N, Toomsan B, Kaewpradit W, Jogloy S, Theerakulpisut P, Holbrook CC, Kvien CK, Banterng P. Starch Accumulation and Granule Size Distribution of Cassava cv. Rayong 9 Grown under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions Using Different Growing Seasons. Agronomy. 2020; 10(3):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030412
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanket, Anon, Nimitr Vorasoot, Banyong Toomsan, Wanwipa Kaewpradit, Sanun Jogloy, Piyada Theerakulpisut, C. Corley Holbrook, Craig K. Kvien, and Poramate Banterng. 2020. "Starch Accumulation and Granule Size Distribution of Cassava cv. Rayong 9 Grown under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions Using Different Growing Seasons" Agronomy 10, no. 3: 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030412