Integrating Cover Crops as a Source of Carbon for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Location and Set up
2.2. Cover Crops Plant Material and Growing System
2.3. Biometric Assessment
2.4. Plant Tissue Total Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and Mineral Analysis
2.5. Simulation of ASD Treatment
2.6. Soil Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis
2.7. Lettuce Cultivation, Sampling, and Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cover Crop Fresh and Dry Biomass Production
3.2. Cover Crop and Molasses Total C, N, C:N Ratio, and Total C Applied
3.3. Cover Crop Mineral Concentration and Potential Mineral Return to the Soil
3.4. Treatment Effect on Soil Redox Potential, Temperature, pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)
3.5. Treatment Effect on Soil Mineral Content
3.6. Treatment Effect on Lettuce Growth and Mineral Profile
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Botanical Family | Common Name | Scientific Name | Broadcast Seed Rate (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Leguminosae | Berseem clover | Trifolium alexandrinum L. | 22 |
Cowpea | Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. | 135 | |
Crimson clover | Trifolium incarnatum L. | 34 | |
Field pea | Pisum sativum L. | 132 | |
Sunn hemp | Crotalaria juncea L. | 56 | |
Brassicaceae | Forage radish | Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus | 22 |
Mustard | Brassica juncea L. Czern. | 17 | |
Polygonaceae | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum Möench | 101 |
Graminaceae | Annual Ryegrass | Lolium multiflorum Lam | 34 |
Oat | Avena sativa L. | 157 | |
Rye | Secale cereale L. | 179 | |
Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid | S. bicolor × S. vulgare var. sudanense | 56 |
Cover Crop Species | 32 DAS | 46 DAS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root Dry Biomass | Above-Ground Dry Biomass | Total Plant Dry Biomass | Root Dry Biomass | Above-Ground Dry Biomass | Total Plant Dry Biomass | |
kg ha−1 | ||||||
Annual ryegrass | 299.1 bc | 1325.7 d | 1624.8 c | 1192.6 a | 3059.2 e | 4251.8 d |
Buckwheat | 287.0 bc | 2894.3 a | 3181.2 a | 627.6 bc | 8312.7 a | 8940.2 a |
Cowpeas | 165.9 c | 1100.8 d | 1266.7 cd | 485.5 c | 3279.1 e | 3764.5 de |
Crimson clover | 175.8 c | 1014.1 de | 1189.9 cd | 501.5 c | 2974.0 e | 3475.5 def |
Field peas | 127.7 c | 962.4 de | 1090.1 cde | 331.7 c | 2643.0 e | 2974.8 ef |
Forage radish | 182.5 c | 2569.6 ab | 2752.1 ab | 1183.2 a | 5121.1 c | 6304.3 b |
Mustard | 227.8 c | 2478.0 b | 2705.8 ab | 614.8 bc | 5944.6 b | 6559.4 b |
Oats | 420.2 ab | 1822.1 c | 2242.3 b | 986.4 ab | 5243.3 c | 6229.7 b |
Rye | 547.9 a | 2412.7 b | 2960.6 a | 1163.9 a | 4079.5 d | 5243.3 c |
Sorghum Sudan grass | 158.7 c | 623.1 ef | 781.8 de | 706.6 bc | 1957.3 f | 2663.9 fg |
Sunn hemp | 89.7 c | 476.6 f | 566.2 e | 443.4 c | 1633.3 f | 2076.7 g |
p-value | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Cover Crop Species | 32 Days After Sowing | 46 Days After Sowing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N (%) | Total C (%) | C:N | TCA (kg ha−1) | Total N (%) | Total C (%) | C:N | TCA (kg ha−1) | |
Annual ryegrass | 4.64 b | 38.26 c | 8.35 cde | 507.3 e | 2.21 b | 39.51 c | 18.04 c | 1209.1 g |
Buckwheat | 3.18 e | 39.55 b | 13.18 b | 1146.3 b | 1.27 f | 41.19 b | 33.45 a | 3424.8 b |
Cowpea | 5.04 a | 38.33 c | 7.62 e | 421.3 ef | 1.70 de | 40.71 b | 24.45 b | 1333.2 g |
Crimson clover | 4.47 bc | 39.74 b | 8.91 cde | 402.6 ef | 2.02 bc | 39.65 c | 19.82 c | 1178.6 g |
Field peas | 4.83 ab | 40.25 ab | 8.36 cde | 386.7 ef | 1.90 cd | 42.39 a | 23.39 b | 1118.7 g |
Forage radish | 3.90 d | 34.72 e | 9.08 cde | 892.2 c | 1.99 bc | 36.69 d | 18.62 c | 1879.0 f |
Mustard | 4.46 bc | 35.28 e | 7.98 de | 877.3 c | 1.56 e | 40.99 b | 26.86 b | 2436.5 c |
Oat | 4.60 b | 38.31 c | 8.33 cde | 696.3 d | 1.58 e | 41.32 b | 26.33 b | 2168.0 d |
Rye | 4.07 d | 40.52 ab | 10.15 c | 978.8 c | 2.41 a | 41.64 b | 17.65 c | 1699.7 f |
Sorghum Sudangrass | 4.16 cd | 40.54 ab | 9.75 cd | 250.3 fg | 1.69 de | 41.50 b | 24.94 b | 811.3 h |
Sunn hemp | 5.09 a | 41.07 a | 8.09 cde | 195.8 g | 2.09 bc | 40.62 b | 19.51 c | 662.0 h |
Molasses | 1.05 f | 36.54 d | 35.42 a | 7161.8 a | 1.05 g | 36.54 d | 35.42 a | 7161.8 a |
p-value | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Cover Crop Species | N | NO3-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Na | Fe | Mn | Zn | Bo | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | g ha−1 | ||||||||||||
Annual ryegrass | 31.0 c | 13.4 ab | 10.7 cd | 96.3 c | 7.4 ef | 6.8 d | 4.9 cde | 3.7 c | 425.7 | 229.9 de | 94.2 ef | 12.1 d | 26.6 bc |
Buckwheat | 30.8 c | 18.2 ab | 26.2 a | 166.8 a | 24.7 c | 32.0 a | 8.1 c | 1.5 d | 866.5 | 688.5 a | 273.2 a | 119.2 a | 29.6 ab |
Cowpea | 28.4 c | 5.3 b | 13.8 c | 56.9 d | 20.0 cd | 10.1 d | 6.7 cd | 0.3 d | 366.4 | 444.4 bc | 79.3 f | 47.2 c | 7.9 e |
Crimson clover | 31.0 c | 4.1 b | 7.1 de | 53.8 d | 14.7 de | 7.1 d | 5.1 cde | 4.1 c | 150.5 | 170.5 e | 65.0 f | 47.5 c | 9.4 e |
Field peas | 33.3 c | 4.0 b | 9.5 de | 53.2 d | 13.3 e | 5.4 d | 3.5 de | 1.4 d | 233.9 | 156.6 e | 78.6 f | 17.5 d | 8.4 e |
Forage radish | 56.9 a | 18.5 ab | 22.9 ab | 174.9 a | 52.4 a | 26.3 b | 24.5 b | 22.6 a | 406.1 | 490.9 bc | 178.4 c | 95.3 b | 21.3 d |
Mustard | 48.3 ab | 33.5 a | 19.0 b | 186.0 a | 46.6 b | 20.4 c | 30.8 a | 10.4 b | 499.4 | 564.0 b | 232.1 b | 95.0 b | 24.2 cd |
Oat | 43.8 b | 25.0 ab | 20.6 b | 135.0 b | 8.5 ef | 9.6 d | 8.4 c | 1.9 d | 275.2 | 365.4 cd | 138.6 d | 18.3 d | 25.5 bcd |
Rye | 52.8 ab | 19.9 ab | 21.5 b | 160.2 a | 11.7 e | 11.0 d | 8.8 c | 1.0 d | 492.5 | 295.9 de | 120.4 de | 15.1 d | 32.9 a |
Sorghum Sudan | 16.2 d | 2.3 b | 7.5 de | 36.8 de | 3.2 f | 3.8 d | 2.0 e | 0.2 d | 164.1 | 151.7 e | 57.2 f | 5.0 d | 10.5 e |
Sunn hemp | 14.2 d | 2.2 b | 5.7 e | 18.2 e | 7.5 ef | 4.9 d | 2.5 de | 0.6 d | 95.1 | 212.4 de | 28.4 g | 22.2 d | 3.6 f |
p-value | 0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.23 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Cover Crop Species | N | NO3-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Na | Fe | Mn | Zn | Bo | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | g ha−1 | ||||||||||||
Annual ryegrass | 30.7 c | 5.9 ab | 16.7 cd | 139.9 b | 17.8 e | 13.6 f | 9.1 def | 30.2 c | 299.1 cd | 663.2 c | 163.4 d | 26.1 g | 41.4 b |
Buckwheat | 67.7 a | 6.3 ab | 38.2 a | 213.9 a | 78.1 b | 82.5 a | 15.0 cd | 3.3 e | 1226.2 a | 1192.9 a | 475.6 a | 226.3 a | 76.9 a |
Cowpea | 50.5 b | 0.7 b | 19.0 c | 101.3 cd | 48.1 c | 27.4 d | 10.9 cdef | 0.9 e | 569.2 bcd | 769.4 bc | 143.8 d | 110.0 d | 20.7 c |
Crimson clover | 50.8 b | 0.5 b | 14.4 de | 117.3 c | 47.8 c | 19.4 ef | 11.0 cdef | 15.8 d | 687.7 abcd | 353.2 d | 142.2 d | 123.2 d | 23.2 c |
Field peas | 53.7 b | 1.2 b | 12.4 e | 89.7 d | 34.4 d | 12.6 f | 7.1 efg | 2.9 e | 426.5 cd | 262.3 d | 146.5 d | 46.5 f | 21.7 c |
Forage radish | 70.7 a | 9.9 a | 28.1 b | 206.6 a | 110.1 a | 56.6 b | 33.1 b | 72.2 a | 1142.2 ab | 868.5 bc | 303.0 b | 179.3 b | 40.1 b |
Mustard | 52.1 b | 9.0 ab | 28.5 b | 207.0 a | 79.2 b | 34.8 c | 43.0 a | 25.9 c | 831.2 abc | 916.2 b | 333.2 b | 155.7 c | 49.0 b |
Oat | 42.3 b | 3.1 ab | 28.7 b | 205.2 a | 20.3 e | 21.6 de | 15.8 c | 59.5 b | 459.8 cd | 1156.5 a | 244.1 c | 47.2 f | 48.2 b |
Rye | 48.0 b | 10.2 a | 25.4 b | 199.1 a | 24.3 e | 23.7 de | 11.5 cde | 2.0 e | 397.7 cd | 853.1 bc | 155.4 d | 30.7 fg | 48.9 b |
Sorghum Sudan | 18.8 d | 0.2 b | 10.4 e | 81.2 d | 10.0 f | 12.6 f | 2.9 g | 0.4 e | 198.0 cd | 342.9 d | 109.9 de | 13.7 g | 21.9 c |
Sunn hemp | 22.8 cd | 0.2 b | 10.2 e | 48.1 e | 26.8 de | 16.8 ef | 4.8 fg | 1.3 e | 165.1 d | 385.8 d | 77.4 e | 75.1 e | 9.5 d |
p-value | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
DAT | Carbon Source | NO3-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Na | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Annual ryegrass | 27.67 | 72.67 | 220.7 b | 2811.70 | 225.00 | 37.0 b | 46.67 b | 290.33 | 176.67 b | 5.73 | 4.43 | 0.70 |
Buckwheat | 36.67 | 82.33 | 267.3 b | 2964.00 | 244.33 | 40.0 b | 43.67 b | 306.00 | 180.67 b | 6.33 | 4.67 | 0.77 | |
Cowpeas | 17.00 | 74.33 | 200.0 b | 2837.30 | 196.67 | 31.0 b | 36.00 b | 287.00 | 162.00 b | 5.73 | 4.23 | 0.70 | |
Crimson clover | 33.00 | 72.33 | 227.0 b | 2849.70 | 215.67 | 34.7 b | 44.33 b | 292.00 | 176.67 b | 6.00 | 4.50 | 0.73 | |
Field peas | 36.67 | 73.00 | 194.0 b | 2889.00 | 197.00 | 31.3 b | 37.00 b | 294.00 | 182.33 b | 6.00 | 4.27 | 0.67 | |
Forage radish | 16.67 | 83.00 | 270.0 b | 2705.30 | 231.33 | 49.0 b | 77.67 a | 303.67 | 180.00 b | 6.33 | 4.50 | 0.77 | |
Mustard | 26.67 | 78.00 | 263.0 b | 2942.00 | 219.00 | 48.0 b | 60.00 ab | 289.67 | 192.00 b | 6.03 | 4.00 | 0.80 | |
Oats | 8.00 | 81.67 | 262.0 b | 2710.00 | 211.00 | 33.3 b | 61.33 ab | 303.00 | 182.67 b | 6.20 | 4.53 | 0.73 | |
Rye | 38.33 | 82.33 | 248.0 b | 2668.30 | 207.00 | 36.7 b | 39.33 b | 302.67 | 165.00 b | 6.03 | 4.23 | 0.70 | |
Sorghum Sudan grass | 47.67 | 80.33 | 254.0 b | 2762.70 | 215.33 | 35.7 b | 51.33 b | 301.00 | 174.67 b | 6.60 | 4.33 | 0.73 | |
Sunn hemp | 75.33 | 76.33 | 203.0 b | 2786.30 | 214.33 | 38.0 b | 42.00 b | 308.33 | 180.67 b | 6.07 | 4.70 | 0.70 | |
Molasses | 32.00 | 77.00 | 528.7 a | 3071.00 | 262.00 | 100.0 a | 58.33 ab | 308.00 | 229.33 a | 7.03 | 4.53 | 0.77 | |
Untreated control | 46.33 | 75.33 | 180.0 b | 2750.00 | 203.67 | 32.7 b | 34.67 b | 304.33 | 177.00 b | 5.97 | 4.47 | 0.70 | |
p-value | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.0001 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.42 | 0.0001 | 0.49 | 0.93 | 0.77 | |
7 | Annual ryegrass | 15.33 b | 75.00 | 233.3 bc | 2717.70 | 206.7 b | 32.7 b | 49.7 ab | 297.67 | 196.0 b | 6.17 | 4.23 | 0.63 bc |
Buckwheat | 13.00 b | 78.67 | 255.7 bc | 2781.30 | 229.0 b | 35.0 b | 45.0 ab | 294.67 | 209.3 b | 6.03 | 4.40 | 0.77 a | |
Cowpeas | 21.00 b | 72.00 | 216.7 bc | 2718.00 | 215.7 bc | 30.0 b | 33.3 b | 313.00 | 192.3 b | 6.87 | 4.10 | 0.60 c | |
Crimson clover | 23.33 b | 74.67 | 216.7 bc | 2624.30 | 213.0 b | 35.3 b | 46.0 ab | 300.67 | 186.3 b | 6.30 | 4.23 | 0.67 abc | |
Field peas | 10.67 b | 78.00 | 216.7 bc | 2633.30 | 208.7 b | 33.0 b | 40.3 ab | 304.00 | 191.3 b | 6.40 | 4.50 | 0.73 ab | |
Forage radish | 11.67 b | 77.00 | 287.0 b | 2802.70 | 248.7 ab | 42.3 b | 68.3 a | 323.67 | 224.0 b | 6.40 | 4.83 | 0.77 a | |
Mustard | 19.00 b | 76.00 | 234.3 bc | 2686.30 | 207.7 b | 37.0 b | 49.0 ab | 321.00 | 201.0 b | 6.27 | 3.93 | 0.67 abc | |
Oats | 17.33 b | 79.00 | 256.7 bc | 2820.70 | 210.3 b | 34.3 b | 64.0 ab | 308.00 | 215.3 b | 6.33 | 4.30 | 0.73 ab | |
Rye | 18.33 b | 76.00 | 306.7 b | 3303.00 | 231.7 abc | 40.7 b | 52.7 ab | 298.33 | 215.0 b | 6.03 | 4.37 | 0.77 a | |
Sorghum Sudan grass | 31.67 b | 80.67 | 260.7 bc | 3025.70 | 226.3 abc | 38.0 b | 56.0 ab | 311.33 | 176.7 b | 6.17 | 4.37 | 0.77 a | |
Sunn hemp | 30.33 b | 76.67 | 235.0 bc | 2681.30 | 212.3 b | 33.0 b | 41.0 ab | 306.67 | 174.0 b | 6.03 | 4.37 | 0.67 abc | |
Molasses | 6.67 b | 81.00 | 468.7 a | 2961.00 | 258.3 a | 81.0 a | 54.7 ab | 356.67 | 304.0 a | 6.90 | 4.60 | 0.77 a | |
Untreated control | 75.00 a | 73.33 | 176.3 c | 2673.30 | 204.3 b | 30.3 b | 32.0 b | 315.00 | 163.7 b | 6.00 | 4.13 | 0.60 c | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.0001 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.0001 | 0.89 | 0.24 | 0.005 | |
28 | Annual ryegrass | 17.0 b | 75.3 abc | 264.3 bc | 2841.70 | 224.3 ab | 44.0 b | 64.3 abc | 306.3 b | 186.7 b | 6.13 | 4.13 | 0.73 b |
Buckwheat | 8.3 b | 77.0 abc | 281.3 bc | 2933.30 | 246.7 ab | 39.7 b | 50.3 bc | 335.3 b | 206.3 b | 6.50 | 4.67 | 0.83 ab | |
Cowpeas | 13.3 b | 77.3 abc | 259.0 bc | 2943.30 | 233.3 ab | 42.3 b | 40.7 c | 321.7 b | 193.7 b | 6.63 | 4.60 | 0.77 b | |
Crimson clover | 19.7 b | 73.7 bc | 269.0 bc | 3101.30 | 229.3 ab | 42.0 b | 53.0 bc | 311.3 b | 197.7 b | 6.47 | 4.33 | 0.83 ab | |
Field peas | 28.7 b | 70.0 c | 213.7 c | 2575.00 | 202.0 b | 35.3 b | 40.0 c | 286.3 b | 167.3 b | 6.07 | 4.00 | 0.70 b | |
Forage radish | 11.0 b | 78.3 abc | 299.3 ab | 2896.30 | 235.3 ab | 45.3 b | 76.0 ab | 315.7 b | 206.7 b | 6.43 | 4.47 | 0.80 ab | |
Mustard | 9.3 b | 82.7 ab | 360.7 b | 3388.00 | 281.3 a | 64.3 a | 85.3 a | 335.3 b | 218.3 b | 7.67 | 4.67 | 0.97 a | |
Oats | 6.7 b | 73.0 bc | 303.3 ab | 2851.30 | 231.3 ab | 41.7 b | 76.7 ab | 301.3 b | 210.7 b | 6.43 | 4.63 | 0.77 b | |
Rye | 12.3 b | 70.0 c | 266.3 bc | 2659.00 | 209.3 b | 38.0 b | 41.0 c | 302.7 b | 184.0 b | 5.73 | 4.07 | 0.70 b | |
Sorghum Sudan grass | 24.0 b | 81.0 ab | 288.0 bc | 3202.30 | 256.3 ab | 42.7 b | 54.7 bc | 315.7 b | 201.7 b | 7.37 | 4.77 | 0.83 ab | |
Sunn hemp | 26.0 b | 81.7 ab | 254.3 bc | 3066.70 | 227.3 ab | 44.7 b | 56.3 bc | 305.7 b | 177.7 b | 6.57 | 4.07 | 0.80 ab | |
Molasses | 4.0 b | 83.7 a | 507.0 a | 2704.70 | 255.0 ab | 70.3 a | 51.0 bc | 419.3 a | 288.7 a | 6.93 | 4.43 | 0.80 ab | |
Untreated control | 87.3 a | 76.7 abc | 236.0 c | 3184.70 | 249.3 ab | 40.3 b | 42.0 c | 329.7 b | 190.7 b | 6.73 | 4.70 | 0.80 ab | |
p-value | 0.0001 | 0.03 | 0.0001 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.0006 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
Carbon Source | Leaf Number | Plant Fresh Weight | Plant Dry Weight | Leaf Area | Specific Leaf Area | Leaf dry Mass Per Unit Area | Dry Matter Content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g Plant−1 | g Plant−1 | cm2 Plant−1 | cm2 g−1 | g m−2 | g kg−1 | ||
Annual ryegrass | 65.0 | 142.4 | 4.64 | 2450 b | 527.21 ab | 19.04 ab | 33.17 |
Buckwheat | 66.7 | 145.1 | 4.84 | 2578 ab | 533.50 ab | 18.82 ab | 32.73 |
Cowpea | 71.8 | 143.5 | 4.71 | 2515 b | 534.19 ab | 18.83 ab | 32.76 |
Crimson clover | 70.6 | 150.1 | 4.76 | 2589 ab | 544.17 ab | 18.39 ab | 31.55 |
Field peas | 71.7 | 152.0 | 4.91 | 2529 b | 514.63 ab | 19.51 ab | 32.34 |
Forage radish | 65.4 | 146.1 | 4.82 | 2593 ab | 538.45 ab | 18.62 ab | 32.74 |
Mustard | 66.8 | 144.8 | 4.77 | 2615 ab | 548.56 ab | 18.29 ab | 33.04 |
Oat | 66.2 | 146.6 | 4.80 | 2689 ab | 558.71 a | 18.00 b | 33.16 |
Rye | 63.1 | 148.0 | 4.79 | 2541 ab | 531.02 ab | 18.89 ab | 32.45 |
Sorghum sudangrass | 66.2 | 143.2 | 4.59 | 2372 b | 515.75 ab | 19.47 ab | 32.62 |
Sunn hemp | 69.3 | 145.6 | 4.92 | 2472 b | 503.41 b | 20.05 a | 33.71 |
Molasses | 69.8 | 149.8 | 5.11 | 2838 a | 554.36 ab | 18.12 b | 33.75 |
Untreated control | 64.3 | 148.5 | 4.83 | 2570 ab | 531.82 ab | 18.84 ab | 33.11 |
p-value | 0.20 | 0.68 | 0.14 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.57 |
Carbon Source | Total C (%) | Total N (%) | C:N |
---|---|---|---|
Annual ryegrass | 33.85 ab | 5.11 ab | 6.62 abc |
Buckwheat | 33.08 b | 5.30 a | 6.26 b |
Cowpea | 33.88 ab | 5.10 ab | 6.65 abc |
Crimson clover | 33.40 ab | 4.94 b | 6.76 ab |
Field peas | 34.42 a | 5.08 ab | 6.79 ab |
Forage radish | 33.38 ab | 4.92 b | 6.79 ab |
Mustard | 32.91 b | 5.13 ab | 6.42 bc |
Oat | 33.68 ab | 4.98 b | 6.77 ab |
Rye | 33.13 b | 5.03 b | 6.60 abc |
Sorghum sudangrass | 33.40 ab | 5.12 ab | 6.53 abc |
Sunn hemp | 33.45 ab | 5.00 b | 6.73 ab |
Molasses | 34.28 a | 4.95 b | 6.93 a |
Untreated control | 33.05 b | 5.16 ab | 6.41 bc |
p-value | 0.04 | 0.0001 | 0.0006 |
Carbon Source | NO3-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Na | Fe | Mn | Zn | Bo | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | % | % | % | % | % | % | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | |
Annual ryegrass | 15,067 | 0.55 | 9.26 | 1.60 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.30 ab | 208.67 | 74.00 b | 42.00 c | 33.00 | 11.67 |
Buckwheat | 17,867 | 0.55 | 9.16 | 1.61 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.25 b | 193.00 | 75.67 b | 45.67 bc | 31.33 | 11.67 |
Cowpea | 13,167 | 0.63 | 9.99 | 1.73 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.28 b | 253.33 | 83.00 b | 45.67 bc | 35.33 | 12.33 |
Crimson clover | 13,267 | 0.69 | 10.85 | 1.80 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.32 ab | 206.67 | 84.00 b | 46.00 bc | 37.67 | 12.67 |
Field peas | 17,100 | 0.60 | 9.25 | 1.86 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.26 b | 274.33 | 81.67 b | 45.00 bc | 33.33 | 11.67 |
Forage radish | 15,033 | 0.61 | 10.24 | 1.70 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.41 a | 296.33 | 88.00 b | 54.67 ab | 35.00 | 12.00 |
Mustard | 14,833 | 0.58 | 9.58 | 1.64 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.33 ab | 266.67 | 85.00 b | 51.33 abc | 32.67 | 12.33 |
Oat | 15,267 | 0.56 | 9.38 | 1.77 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.36 ab | 215.00 | 79.67 b | 46.67 bc | 33.33 | 11.67 |
Rye | 16,800 | 0.58 | 9.65 | 1.77 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.26 b | 367.33 | 83.00 b | 47.00 bc | 33.33 | 12.33 |
Sorghum sudangrass | 14,667 | 0.58 | 9.34 | 1.76 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.28 b | 158.67 | 71.00 b | 46.00 bc | 32.33 | 10.67 |
Sunn hemp | 15,100 | 0.58 | 9.12 | 1.71 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.25 b | 207.00 | 70.33 b | 43.00 bc | 31.67 | 10.33 |
Molasses | 12,500 | 0.53 | 9.28 | 1.63 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.23 b | 194.00 | 120.67 a | 59.67 a | 32.00 | 12.67 |
Untreated control | 15,700 | 0.66 | 10.34 | 1.94 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.30 ab | 206.67 | 78.67 b | 47.00 bc | 35.00 | 12.00 |
p-value | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.36 | 0.75 |
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Vecchia, L.; Di Gioia, F.; Ferrante, A.; Hong, J.C.; White, C.; Rosskopf, E.N. Integrating Cover Crops as a Source of Carbon for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101614
Vecchia L, Di Gioia F, Ferrante A, Hong JC, White C, Rosskopf EN. Integrating Cover Crops as a Source of Carbon for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101614
Chicago/Turabian StyleVecchia, Luca, Francesco Di Gioia, Antonio Ferrante, Jason C. Hong, Charles White, and Erin N. Rosskopf. 2020. "Integrating Cover Crops as a Source of Carbon for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101614