Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Process Development
2.1.1. Scenario 1: The Biorefinery for Biodiesel (from Oil and Ethanol), Bioethanol, and Heat Production
Equipment/Conditions | Transesterification Reactor (R-201) | Distillation Tower 1 (T-201) | Distillation Tower 2 (T-202) | Distillation Tower 3 (T-203) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Input T (°C) | 62.5 | 62.5 | 50 | 25 |
Upper output T (°C) | 62.5 | 216.7 | 517 | 244 |
Lower output T (°C) | - | 42.1 | 148.3 | 75 |
Input P (bar) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Upper output P (bar) | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Lower output P (bar) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Number of theoretical stages | - | 17 | 17 | 3 |
Equipment/Conditions | Beer Column | Rectifier Column | Scrubber Column | Dehydration Section |
---|---|---|---|---|
Input temperature (°C) | 100 | 120 | 38.4 | 92.1 |
Highest output T (°C) | 122.2 | 119.7 | 36.2 | 25 |
Lowest output T (°C) | 115.7 | 92.1 | 36 | - |
Input P (bar) | 4.8 | 2 | 1 | 1.7 |
Highest output P (bar) | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1 |
Lowest output P (bar) | 2.1 | 2 | 0.9 | - |
Number of theoretical stages | 19 | 25 | 9 | - |
2.1.2. Scenario 2: The Biorefinery for Biodiesel (from Oil and Methanol), Bioethanol, and Heat Production
2.2. Plant Location and Capacity
2.3. Process Simulation and Economic Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Material and Energy Balance
3.2. Energy Efficiency
3.3. Total Capital Cost
3.4. Operating Cost
3.5. Manufacturing and Equivalent Costs
3.6. Profitability Parameters
3.7. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Price (USD/kg) |
---|---|---|---|
Raw materials (ton/year) | |||
Solid residuals | 63,840 | 63,840 | 0.02 |
Seed | 56,160 | 56,160 | 0.04 |
NaOH 1 | 6530 | 6530 | 0.19 |
Nutrient 2 | 4460 | 4460 | 0.31 |
Methanol | - | 2130 | 0.25 |
H2SO4 | 170 | 240 | 0.02 |
KOH 1 | 180 | 270 | 0.84 |
pH control 3 | 170 | 170 | 0.18 |
Enzyme | 7 | 7 | 7.5 |
Products (ton/year) | |||
Biodiesel | 10,490 | 7400 | |
Ethanol | 7950 | 16,140 | 0.94 (USD/L) |
Glycerol | 2200 | 1850 | 0.85 |
Heat | 30 | 30 | 5.7 (USD/MJ) |
CO2 4 | 6,292,000 | 6,292,000 | 0.06 (USD/m3) |
Salts | 150 | 340 | 0.59 |
Utilities | |||
Make up water | 1,171,440 | 1,240,043 | 0.03 (USD/m3) |
High pressure steam | 69,305 | 77,706 | 13.07 (USD/ton) |
Low pressure steam | 87,611 | 87,611 | 13.07 (USD/ton) |
Fuel | 6.32 | 5.41 | 11.86 (USD/MWh) |
Power 5 | 5295 | 5289 | 6.38 × 10−6 (USD/kWh) |
Product | Manufacturing Cost (USD/L) | Final Price (USD/L) | Final Price (Gasoline Equivalent) (USD/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Biodiesel | |||
Scenario 1 | 0.328 | 0.336 | 0.410 |
Scenario 2 | 0.271 | 0.279 | 0.323 |
Bioethanol | |||
Scenario 1 | 0.474 | 0.482 | 0.701 |
Scenario 2 | 0.468 | 0.476 | 0.693 |
Gasoline * | - | 0.400 | 0.400 |
Diesel fuel * | - | 0.380 | 0.380 |
Medical Ethanol | - | 0.940 | 1.370 |
Scenario | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|
Payout period (year) | 5.21 | 4.64 |
Net return rate (NRR) | 29.21 | 41.69 |
Profitability index (PI) | 1.29 | 1.41 |
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Rahimi, V.; Shafiei, M.; Karimi, K. Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101538
Rahimi V, Shafiei M, Karimi K. Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101538
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahimi, Vajiheh, Marzieh Shafiei, and Keikhosro Karimi. 2020. "Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101538