Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Legume Species
2.2. Greenhouse and Mini-Chamber Parameters
2.3. Growth Medium and Plant Growth Conditions
2.4. Determination of Growth Parameters
2.5. Determination of Physiological Parameters
2.6. Determination of Water Flux (Vo) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
2.7. Determination of Nutrient Uptake Parameters
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Light Intensity on Growth Parameters
3.2. Light Intensity on Physiological Parameters
3.3. Light Intensity on Water Flux and Water Use Efficiency
3.4. Light Intensity on Nutrient Uptake Parameters
3.4.1. Concentration and Uptake of Nutrients
3.4.2. Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Common Name | Scientific Name | Growth Habit 3 | Strengths | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calopo | Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. | P | Wide edaphic adaption, establishes rapidly, good tolerance to extreme conditions, erosion control, drought sensitive | Poor tolerance of heavy shade, some weed potential, susceptible to root-knot nematode and cowpea viruses |
Ea-Ea | Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC | P | Well adapted to acid infertile soils, good for restoring degraded soil, good shade tolerance, good green manure crop | Poor drought tolerance, susceptible to false rust (Synchytrium desmodii), foliar blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) |
Jack Bean | Canavalia enisformis (L.) DC. | P | Drought tolerant, good erosion control, good green manure crop, reduces nematode numbers | Host to many fungi and pests |
Lab-lab | Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet | A/P | Adapt to low soil fertility, tolerant to drought, good soil erosion control and N2 fixation | Not tolerant to water logging |
Mucuna ana | Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr. | A, P | Fast growing, improved soil fertility, resistant to pests and diseases | Not tolerant of drought or high acidity, toxic to animals |
Mucuna preta | Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Holland | A/P | Fast growing, improved soil fertility, resistant to pests and diseases | Not tolerant of drought or low fertility, toxic to animals |
Cowpea | Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. | A/P | Moderately tolerant to drought, easy to establish | Not tolerant to water logging, sensitive to salinity |
Pigeon Pea (black) | Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth | A | Very heat tolerant, good N fixer, drought tolerant | Sensitive to waterlogging and salinity |
Pigeon Pea (mixed color) | Cajanus cajan (L.) | A | Very heat tolerant, good N fixer, drought tolerant | Sensitive to waterlogging and salinity |
Species | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | Total Dry Weight (g plant−1) | Root Dry Weight (g plant−1) | Root Length (cm plant−1) | Root/Shoot Ratio | Leaf Area (cm2 plant−1) | Specific Leaf Area (cm2 g−1) | Leaf Mass/Unit Area (g cm−2) (*10−3) | Relative Growth Rate (g g−1 d−1) (×10−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calopo | 180 | 0.038 | 0.004 | 51 | 0.116 | 9.3 | 343.7 | 2.91 | 2.15 |
450 | 0.062 | 0.007 | 105 | 0.120 | 17.5 | 383.5 | 2.67 | 3.26 | |
900 | 0.203 | 0.025 | 309 | 0.141 | 42.2 | 270.3 | 3.71 | 6.72 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 36 | 0.099 | 6.2 | 479.5 | 2.10 | 6.18 |
450 | 0.069 | 0.007 | 152 | 0.118 | 21.7 | 475.3 | 2.39 | 10.28 | |
900 | 0.099 | 0.013 | 212 | 0.150 | 21.1 | 316.5 | 3.17 | 11.38 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 1.341 | 0.161 | 1194 | 0.138 | 258.6 | 314.8 | 3.19 | 0.57 |
450 | 2.631 | 0.230 | 1483 | 0.095 | 542.3 | 321.7 | 3.12 | 2.58 | |
900 | 2.607 | 0.348 | 1751 | 0.155 | 426.3 | 229.2 | 4.39 | 2.50 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 0.458 | 0.055 | 1078 | 0.128 | 154.2 | 491.2 | 2.04 | 2.80 |
450 | 0.376 | 0.035 | 574 | 0.105 | 121.6 | 453.0 | 2.27 | 2.98 | |
900 | 0.823 | 0.094 | 1361 | 0.129 | 183.4 | 301.9 | 3.31 | 5.01 | |
M. ana | 180 | 0.354 | 0.037 | 276 | 0.113 | 121.5 | 501.8 | 2.00 | 2.76 |
450 | 0.990 | 0.078 | 746 | 0.087 | 346.4 | 471.7 | 2.12 | 6.33 | |
900 | 0.568 | 0.065 | 616 | 0.154 | 171.4 | 381.2 | 2.64 | 3.79 | |
M. preta | 180 | 0.415 | 0.049 | 463 | 0.134 | 138.9 | 467.5 | 2.14 | 2.39 |
450 | 0.815 | 0.075 | 807 | 0.110 | 269.1 | 456.0 | 2.21 | 4.14 | |
900 | 0.859 | 0.105 | 936 | 0.162 | 222.5 | 326.9 | 3.06 | 4.10 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 0.444 | 0.024 | 468 | 0.084 | 134.2 | 570.1 | 1.77 | 3.62 |
450 | 0.313 | 0.094 | 199 | 0.089 | 83.1 | 480.1 | 2.11 | 2.62 | |
900 | 0.940 | 0.016 | 1000 | 0.108 | 156.2 | 271.4 | 3.74 | 5.90 | |
PPB | 180 | 0.157 | 0.016 | 228 | 0.113 | 56.6 | 573.5 | 1.75 | 2.47 |
450 | 0.206 | 0.024 | 298 | 0.133 | 66.6 | 515.8 | 1.96 | 3.10 | |
900 | 0.474 | 0.081 | 968 | 0.205 | 93.1 | 320.7 | 3.13 | 6.07 | |
PPM | 180 | 0.235 | 0.025 | 357 | 0.120 | 66.0 | 415.8 | 2.41 | 3.96 |
450 | 0.409 | 0.046 | 579 | 0.125 | 103.0 | 361.2 | 2.81 | 5.62 | |
900 | 1.200 | 0.145 | 1752 | 0.148 | 194.5 | 234.9 | 4.28 | 8.51 | |
Significance | |||||||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × P | * | * | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | |
LSD0.05 | 1.161 | 0.125 | 1356 | 0.067 | 260.4 | 176.8 | 1.05 | 5.13 |
Species | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | NAR (×10−4) | SPAD Values | PN | gs | Ci | E | VPD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calopo | 180 | 0.893 | 28.90 | 5.46 | 0.113 | 291.7 | 1.58 | 1.45 |
450 | 1.170 | 24.80 | 9.94 | 0.160 | 270.3 | 2.35 | 1.45 | |
900 | 3.238 | 33.43 | 18.50 | 0.257 | 231.0 | 3.89 | 1.53 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 1.814 | 27.07 | 9.01 | 0.190 | 295.0 | 2.61 | 1.35 |
450 | 3.523 | 30.80 | 9.92 | 0.106 | 219.0 | 1.70 | 1.59 | |
900 | 5.336 | 27.63 | 8.16 | 0.078 | 206.0 | 1.38 | 1.72 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 0.295 | 42.70 | 6.35 | 0.063 | 203.7 | 0.99 | 1.55 |
450 | 1.266 | 45.10 | 10.08 | 0.098 | 195.7 | 1.50 | 1.57 | |
900 | 1.546 | 48.53 | 13.27 | 0.137 | 186.7 | 2.05 | 1.56 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 0.832 | 37.13 | 8.96 | 0.183 | 290.0 | 2.79 | 1.50 |
450 | 0.938 | 30.45 | 12.10 | 0.122 | 206.3 | 2.02 | 1.63 | |
900 | 2.239 | 42.37 | 13.97 | 0.141 | 200.7 | 2.40 | 1.69 | |
M. ana | 180 | 0.827 | 30.40 | 6.34 | 0.043 | 137.1 | 0.68 | 1.54 |
450 | 1.811 | 32.33 | 8.41 | 0.074 | 159.5 | 1.20 | 1.65 | |
900 | 1.253 | 29.53 | 7.58 | 0.060 | 155.2 | 1.02 | 1.69 | |
M. preta | 180 | 0.715 | 32.00 | 4.41 | 0.030 | 138.5 | 0.55 | 1.80 |
450 | 1.247 | 34.57 | 7.83 | 0.066 | 175.0 | 1.17 | 1.74 | |
900 | 1.586 | 30.20 | 6.33 | 0.043 | 121.9 | 0.74 | 1.73 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 1.204 | 43.27 | 8.24 | 0.088 | 219.0 | 1.34 | 1.49 |
450 | 0.986 | 40.23 | 12.20 | 0.132 | 214.0 | 1.89 | 1.42 | |
900 | 3.521 | 55.27 | 17.07 | 0.170 | 171.3 | 2.55 | 1.58 | |
PPB | 180 | 0.686 | 31.33 | 8.46 | 0.203 | 300.0 | 2.47 | 1.27 |
450 | 0.962 | 31.63 | 13.60 | 0.193 | 245.0 | 2.70 | 1.41 | |
900 | 3.113 | 42.13 | 21.07 | 0.339 | 246.3 | 4.22 | 1.25 | |
PPM | 180 | 1.412 | 37.77 | 8.35 | 0.144 | 257.7 | 2.11 | 1.54 |
450 | 2.294 | 38.83 | 15.10 | 0.171 | 216.7 | 2.41 | 1.40 | |
900 | 5.228 | 47.57 | 17.17 | 0.154 | 176.3 | 2.28 | 1.47 | |
Significance | ||||||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | NS | |
S × P | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS | |
LSD0.05 | 2.519 | 13.78 | 5.70 | 0.145 | 116.2 | 1.68 | 0.386 |
Species. | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | VO | WUETOTAL | WUEINST | WUEINTR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calopo | 180 | 10.31 | 0.495 | 3.65 | 54.55 |
450 | 8.41 | 0.727 | 4.19 | 61.59 | |
900 | 6.43 | 1.383 | 4.82 | 74.56 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 35.59 | 0.368 | 3.47 | 47.47 |
450 | 12.96 | 1.158 | 5.84 | 94.23 | |
900 | 8.56 | 1.570 | 5.94 | 104.49 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 2.01 | 3.638 | 6.85 | 109.04 |
450 | 2.07 | 6.059 | 6.79 | 108.70 | |
900 | 1.89 | 4.887 | 6.86 | 110.41 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 17.42 | 0.766 | 3.33 | 50.46 |
450 | 6.34 | 3.791 | 5.99 | 99.23 | |
900 | 9.42 | 1.819 | 5.82 | 99.59 | |
M. ana | 180 | 6.96 | 1.170 | 9.60 | 151.71 |
450 | 3.30 | 3.286 | 7.86 | 134.21 | |
900 | 2.00 | 2.905 | 7.89 | 138.20 | |
M. preta | 180 | 5.65 | 3.191 | 8.23 | 152.11 |
450 | 5.49 | 3.929 | 6.98 | 124.74 | |
900 | 2.64 | 7.078 | 9.02 | 160.56 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 17.28 | 1.303 | 6.46 | 97.48 |
450 | 31.40 | 1.552 | 6.57 | 95.01 | |
900 | 10.44 | 2.198 | 7.06 | 114.33 | |
PPB | 180 | 23.36 | 0.791 | 3.54 | 46.26 |
450 | 12.79 | 1.368 | 5.10 | 72.92 | |
900 | 7.34 | 1.772 | 4.98 | 61.92 | |
PPM | 180 | 18.43 | 1.089 | 4.48 | 72.19 |
450 | 10.73 | 1.776 | 6.34 | 89.28 | |
900 | 8.92 | 2.353 | 7.52 | 111.24 | |
Significance | |||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × P | * | ** | * | NS | |
LSD0.05 | 2.23 | 2.891 | 3.86 | 77.51 |
Species | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | B | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
--------------------mg g−1-------------------- | -------------------µg g−1------------------- | ||||||||||
Calopo | 180 | 66.68 | 8.09 | 22.83 | 13.28 | 1.86 | 88.79 | 46.32 | 317.5 | 60.3 | 52.67 |
450 | 66.68 | 8.09 | 22.83 | 13.28 | 1.86 | 88.79 | 46.32 | 317.5 | 60.3 | 52.67 | |
900 | 59.73 | 7.58 | 22.72 | 13.18 | 1.91 | 65.01 | 31.33 | 173.6 | 45.0 | 49.02 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 47.81 | 6.80 | 21.76 | 13.54 | 3.16 | 47.40 | 32.32 | 356.9 | 55.5 | 62.77 |
450 | 47.81 | 6.80 | 21.76 | 13.54 | 3.16 | 47.40 | 32.32 | 356.9 | 55.5 | 62.77 | |
900 | 44.59 | 7.37 | 17.40 | 14.42 | 3.47 | 46.28 | 33.45 | 391.8 | 63.4 | 60.88 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 78.60 | 10.24 | 20.97 | 12.33 | 2.45 | 59.22 | 50.67 | 536.0 | 67.2 | 55.53 |
450 | 66.23 | 9.28 | 18.74 | 12.39 | 3.00 | 57.65 | 43.57 | 424.6 | 64.4 | 52.13 | |
900 | 67.50 | 10.64 | 16.94 | 12.89 | 3.11 | 62.78 | 47.53 | 587.3 | 70.4 | 60.04 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 71.48 | 20.25 | 30.00 | 12.78 | 1.41 | 61.14 | 26.43 | 52.4 | 44.8 | 62.30 |
450 | 71.48 | 20.25 | 30.00 | 12.78 | 1.41 | 61.14 | 26.43 | 52.4 | 44.8 | 62.30 | |
900 | 70.87 | 20.37 | 27.35 | 12.16 | 1.63 | 61.00 | 27.99 | 75.9 | 49.3 | 63.67 | |
M. ana | 180 | 69.51 | 20.24 | 20.31 | 10.37 | 1.73 | 68.36 | 47.65 | 74.3 | 73.6 | 85.12 |
450 | 78.78 | 17.49 | 18.44 | 11.72 | 1.70 | 73.37 | 58.98 | 124.8 | 72.2 | 90.81 | |
900 | 67.07 | 19.15 | 21.20 | 9.96 | 1.64 | 67.37 | 46.85 | 70.6 | 60.2 | 77.14 | |
M. preta | 180 | 73.14 | 21.12 | 18.72 | 8.87 | 1.87 | 74.84 | 48.55 | 184.9 | 71.0 | 92.41 |
450 | 72.06 | 21.54 | 19.64 | 10.25 | 1.65 | 73.69 | 47.96 | 208.5 | 79.3 | 95.20 | |
900 | 72.73 | 22.93 | 20.61 | 8.62 | 1.46 | 72.22 | 55.72 | 134.5 | 76.8 | 99.73 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 73.52 | 16.32 | 31.56 | 14.39 | 3.47 | 56.66 | 11.07 | 63.8 | 56.9 | 69.44 |
450 | 77.47 | 16.78 | 31.03 | 12.22 | 3.59 | 51.96 | 10.64 | 52.1 | 67.9 | 65.83 | |
900 | 70.70 | 17.72 | 25.02 | 13.63 | 4.17 | 60.36 | 18.69 | 142.6 | 112.3 | 81.02 | |
PPB | 180 | 61.33 | 19.05 | 25.99 | 9.21 | 1.98 | 81.47 | 38.33 | 175.0 | 43.9 | 115.9 |
450 | 61.33 | 19.05 | 25.99 | 9.21 | 1.98 | 81.47 | 38.33 | 175.0 | 43.9 | 115.9 | |
900 | 60.42 | 18.47 | 20.42 | 10.55 | 2.08 | 78.37 | 49.95 | 378.7 | 66.5 | 116.5 | |
PPM | 180 | 60.01 | 22.33 | 21.83 | 10.51 | 1.93 | 98.75 | 44.05 | 189.1 | 58.6 | 122.8 |
450 | 54.93 | 21.32 | 23.81 | 10.21 | 1.68 | 91.15 | 31.00 | 70.2 | 58.8 | 104.8 | |
900 | 53.09 | 16.75 | 18.50 | 10.35 | 1.73 | 83.96 | 33.30 | 184.2 | 64.0 | 107.1 | |
Significance | |||||||||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | NS | * | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | |
S × P | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
LSD0.05 | 6.38 | 1.54 | 3.65 | 1.55 | 0.64 | 8.41 | 13.86 | 186.7 | 14.9 | 14.7 |
Species | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | B | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
--------------------mg plant−1----------------- | -------------------µg plant−1------------------- | ||||||||||
Calopo | 180 | 2.3 | 0.28 | 0.79 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 3.06 | 1.59 | 10.9 | 2.08 | 1.81 |
450 | 3.7 | 0.45 | 1.27 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 4.95 | 2.58 | 17.7 | 3.37 | 2.94 | |
900 | 10.6 | 1.35 | 4.05 | 2.35 | 0.34 | 11.58 | 5.58 | 30.9 | 8.02 | 8.73 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 0.8 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 5.8 | 0.90 | 1.02 |
450 | 2.9 | 0.42 | 1.35 | 0.84 | 0.20 | 2.93 | 2.00 | 22.1 | 3.43 | 3.89 | |
900 | 3.9 | 0.64 | 1.51 | 1.25 | 0.30 | 4.00 | 2.89 | 33.9 | 5.48 | 5.27 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 92.6 | 12.18 | 24.80 | 14.80 | 2.97 | 72.31 | 59.71 | 644.3 | 81.10 | 66.39 |
450 | 159.7 | 22.38 | 44.81 | 29.57 | 7.28 | 138.88 | 102.83 | 1016.5 | 157.19 | 124.85 | |
900 | 150.5 | 24.03 | 37.29 | 28.94 | 7.14 | 140.47 | 107.41 | 1312.4 | 158.84 | 134.90 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 28.8 | 8.17 | 12.10 | 5.16 | 0.57 | 24.66 | 10.66 | 21.1 | 18.06 | 25.13 |
450 | 24.4 | 6.90 | 10.23 | 4.36 | 0.48 | 20.84 | 9.01 | 17.8 | 15.26 | 21.23 | |
900 | 51.6 | 14.78 | 19.58 | 8.92 | 1.24 | 45.32 | 20.81 | 57.1 | 39.11 | 48.97 | |
M. ana | 180 | 22.1 | 6.42 | 6.44 | 3.29 | 0.55 | 21.69 | 15.12 | 23.6 | 23.37 | 27.01 |
450 | 71.9 | 15.96 | 16.83 | 10.70 | 1.55 | 66.96 | 53.83 | 113.9 | 65.86 | 82.88 | |
900 | 34.8 | 9.95 | 11.01 | 5.17 | 0.85 | 34.99 | 24.33 | 36.7 | 31.25 | 40.06 | |
M. preta | 180 | 31.2 | 9.00 | 7.98 | 3.78 | 0.80 | 31.90 | 20.70 | 78.8 | 30.28 | 39.39 |
450 | 51.7 | 15.51 | 14.07 | 7.64 | 1.25 | 55.25 | 36.52 | 151.7 | 60.23 | 72.39 | |
900 | 54.1 | 17.46 | 15.99 | 6.76 | 1.05 | 52.33 | 37.95 | 74.5 | 56.87 | 70.14 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 30.2 | 6.71 | 12.98 | 5.91 | 1.43 | 23.30 | 4.55 | 26.2 | 23.43 | 28.55 |
450 | 22.6 | 4.90 | 9.05 | 3.57 | 1.05 | 15.16 | 3.10 | 15.2 | 19.81 | 19.21 | |
900 | 58.6 | 14.47 | 19.72 | 11.57 | 3.72 | 51.86 | 18.26 | 165.8 | 91.93 | 72.72 | |
PPB | 180 | 8.7 | 2.69 | 3.68 | 1.30 | 0.28 | 11.52 | 5.42 | 24.7 | 6.21 | 16.40 |
450 | 11.2 | 3.47 | 4.73 | 1.68 | 0.36 | 14.83 | 6.97 | 31.8 | 7.99 | 21.10 | |
900 | 23.7 | 7.25 | 8.02 | 4.14 | 0.82 | 30.74 | 19.60 | 146.5 | 26.24 | 45.75 | |
PPM | 180 | 12.6 | 4.69 | 4.58 | 2.21 | 0.40 | 20.73 | 9.25 | 39.7 | 12.29 | 25.78 |
450 | 19.9 | 7.76 | 8.66 | 3.72 | 0.61 | 33.17 | 11.28 | 25.5 | 21.40 | 38.13 | |
900 | 55.9 | 17.65 | 19.56 | 10.90 | 1.81 | 88.41 | 34.88 | 182.9 | 67.29 | 112.46 | |
Significance | |||||||||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × P | NS | NS | NS | * | ** | NS | NS | ** | * | NS | |
LSD0.05 | 67.5 | 18.01 | 20.83 | 12.25 | 3.15 | 72.11 | 48.24 | 394.0 | 81.29 | 86.45 |
Species | PPFD (µmol m−2 s−1) | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | B | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
----------mg∙shoot mg∙element−1---------- | -----------mg∙shoot mg∙element−1 (x104)---------- | ||||||||||
Calopo | 180 | 15.00 | 123.5 | 43.80 | 75.30 | 538.8 | 1.13 | 2.16 | 0.32 | 1.66 | 1.90 |
450 | 15.00 | 123.5 | 43.80 | 75.30 | 538.8 | 1.13 | 2.16 | 0.32 | 1.66 | 1.90 | |
900 | 16.74 | 131.9 | 44.02 | 75.89 | 522.7 | 1.54 | 3.19 | 0.58 | 2.22 | 2.04 | |
Ea-Ea | 180 | 20.91 | 146.9 | 45.97 | 73.85 | 316.8 | 2.11 | 3.09 | 0.28 | 1.80 | 1.59 |
450 | 20.91 | 146.9 | 45.97 | 73.85 | 316.8 | 2.11 | 3.09 | 0.28 | 1.80 | 1.59 | |
900 | 22.43 | 135.6 | 57.48 | 69.33 | 288.0 | 2.16 | 2.99 | 0.26 | 1.58 | 1.64 | |
Jack Bean | 180 | 12.75 | 97.7 | 47.70 | 81.63 | 413.8 | 1.72 | 1.98 | 0.19 | 1.50 | 1.80 |
450 | 15.11 | 107.9 | 53.44 | 80.83 | 334.3 | 1.74 | 2.35 | 0.24 | 1.57 | 1.92 | |
900 | 14.90 | 94.2 | 59.73 | 78.85 | 330.7 | 1.60 | 2.27 | 0.18 | 1.47 | 1.68 | |
Lab-Lab | 180 | 13.99 | 49.4 | 33.33 | 78.23 | 710.0 | 1.64 | 3.78 | 1.91 | 2.23 | 1.61 |
450 | 13.99 | 49.4 | 33.33 | 78.23 | 710.0 | 1.64 | 3.78 | 1.91 | 2.23 | 1.61 | |
900 | 14.11 | 49.1 | 36.61 | 82.28 | 616.1 | 1.64 | 3.58 | 1.32 | 2.07 | 1.58 | |
M. ana | 180 | 14.39 | 49.4 | 49.24 | 96.48 | 579.1 | 1.46 | 2.10 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.17 |
450 | 12.69 | 57.2 | 54.23 | 85.31 | 589.8 | 1.36 | 1.70 | 0.80 | 1.39 | 1.10 | |
900 | 14.91 | 52.2 | 47.17 | 100.31 | 608.4 | 1.48 | 2.13 | 1.42 | 1.66 | 1.30 | |
M. preta | 180 | 13.67 | 47.3 | 53.41 | 112.62 | 535.4 | 1.34 | 2.06 | 0.54 | 1.41 | 1.08 |
450 | 13.92 | 46.5 | 51.08 | 97.59 | 606.6 | 1.36 | 2.09 | 0.48 | 1.26 | 1.05 | |
900 | 13.75 | 43.6 | 48.62 | 116.41 | 687.8 | 1.39 | 1.84 | 0.95 | 1.30 | 1.01 | |
Cowpea | 180 | 13.60 | 61.3 | 31.68 | 69.51 | 288.0 | 1.76 | 9.03 | 1.57 | 1.76 | 1.44 |
450 | 12.91 | 59.6 | 32.23 | 81.80 | 278.5 | 1.92 | 9.40 | 1.92 | 1.47 | 1.52 | |
900 | 14.17 | 56.8 | 41.11 | 73.35 | 243.1 | 1.66 | 5.97 | 1.32 | 0.90 | 1.26 | |
PPB | 180 | 16.30 | 52.5 | 38.48 | 108.51 | 504.8 | 1.23 | 2.61 | 0.57 | 2.28 | 0.86 |
450 | 16.30 | 52.5 | 38.48 | 108.52 | 504.8 | 1.23 | 2.61 | 0.57 | 2.28 | 0.86 | |
900 | 16.55 | 54.2 | 49.01 | 94.98 | 480.8 | 1.28 | 2.00 | 0.27 | 1.50 | 0.86 | |
PPM | 180 | 16.66 | 44.8 | 45.81 | 95.17 | 518.4 | 1.01 | 2.27 | 0.53 | 1.71 | 0.81 |
450 | 18.21 | 46.9 | 42.00 | 97.93 | 595.6 | 1.10 | 3.23 | 1.42 | 1.70 | 0.95 | |
900 | 18.84 | 59.7 | 54.16 | 96.63 | 582.0 | 1.19 | 3.03 | 1.03 | 1.57 | 0.94 | |
Significance | |||||||||||
Species (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
PPFD (P) | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** | * | NS | ** | NS | |
S × P | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
LSD0.05 | 1.35 | 6.6 | 8.26 | 11.2 | 82.3 | 0.21 | 1.43 | 0.78 | 0.35 | 0.23 |
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Share and Cite
Baligar, V.C.; Elson, M.K.; He, Z.; Li, Y.; Paiva, A.d.Q.; Almeida, A.A.F.; Ahnert, D. Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1515. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101515
Baligar VC, Elson MK, He Z, Li Y, Paiva AdQ, Almeida AAF, Ahnert D. Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1515. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101515
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaligar, V. C., M. K. Elson, Z. He, Y. Li, A. de Q. Paiva, A. A. F. Almeida, and D. Ahnert. 2020. "Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1515. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101515
APA StyleBaligar, V. C., Elson, M. K., He, Z., Li, Y., Paiva, A. d. Q., Almeida, A. A. F., & Ahnert, D. (2020). Light Intensity Effects on the Growth, Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of Tropical Perennial Legume Cover Crops. Agronomy, 10(10), 1515. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101515