Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Special Doping Counterions for PPy Electroactuators
2.1. Immobilized Large Anions as Dopants
2.2. Freely Diffusible Counterions Combined with Organic Solvent Electrolytes
2.3. Conformationally Transformable Anions as Dopants
3. Delamination in Layered PPy Electroactuators
3.1. Mechanism and Models for Cracking and Delamination
3.2. Substrates for Delamination-Free Electroactuators
4. Conclusions
- For monolithic PPy electroactuators designed to work in aqueous solutions, particularly bio-relevant solutions such as PBS, PPy films doped with large counterions especially polyol-borate could provide outstanding strain and electrochemical stability and are thus promising for various biomedical devices. Moreover, alginate hydrogel could serve as an ideal substrate in such electroactuators to further improve its processability and reduce the risks of being broken and torn during fabrication.
- In solutions where supportive anions like BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3− or TFSI− are accessible, a combination of a graphene or IPN substrate with counterions like DBS−‒PT3−, CF3SO3− or TFSI− may result in delamination-free electroactuators of superb electroactivity. This could also be the first choice for multilayered electroactuators involving ionic gels replenished with required anions.
- For applications requiring fast electroactuation and large output stress, PPy incorporated with ICs or aligned MWCNTs could be a good candidate, though the output strain of such electroactuators is generally limited. It is worth noting that the extremely large porosity and surface area arising from these dopants are highly favored by supercapacitor and photocatalytic applications.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DBS | DBS-PT | IC | TFSI | Polyol-Borate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Testing Solution | NaDBS, aq. | LiTFSI, aq. | LiCl, aq. | LiTFSI, org. | Saline, aq. |
Strain | 2% (L), 10.4%(B) | 3.8% (L) | 22.9‒34% (V) | 118% (B) | |
Stress | 0.62 MPa | 0.86 MPa | 16 MPa | 6.7‒10.5 MPa | |
Actuation Speed | 0.05 Hz | 0.05 Hz | 0.02 Hz | 0.01 Hz | 0.04 Hz |
Efficiency | 0.6%/mC | 1.9%/mC | |||
Conductivity | 0.5 S/cm | 8.5 S/cm | 129 S/cm | 92.2 S/cm | |
Tensile Tolerance | 15 MPa | 27 MPa | 13.5 MPa | ||
Reference | [35,36,37,38] | [39,40,41,42,43] | [44,45,46] | [33,47,48,49,50] | [51,52] |
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Yan, B.; Wu, Y.; Guo, L. Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators. Polymers 2017, 9, 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090446
Yan B, Wu Y, Guo L. Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):446. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090446
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Bingxi, Yu Wu, and Liang Guo. 2017. "Recent Advances on Polypyrrole Electroactuators" Polymers 9, no. 9: 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090446