Next Article in Journal
Fatigue Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Loess Reinforced with Permeable Polyurethane Polymer Grouting
Previous Article in Journal
IDeS + TRIZ: Sustainability Applied to DfAM for Polymer-Based Automotive Components
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Dual-Functional Polyurethane Sponge-Based Pressure Sensors Incorporating BZT/BTO, Polypyrrole, and Carbon Nanotubes with Energy Generation Capability

by
Nurhan Onar Camlibel
1,* and
Baljinder K. Kandola
2
1
Textile Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20020, Turkey
2
Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Greater Manchester, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2026, 18(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020241
Submission received: 11 December 2025 / Revised: 26 December 2025 / Accepted: 15 January 2026 / Published: 16 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymers in Sensor Applications)

Abstract

Flexible and wearable pressure sensors are essential for monitoring of human motion and are distinguished by their increased sensitivity and outstanding mechanical robustness. In this study, we systematically engineered a flexible and wearable pressure sensor with a multilayer conductive architecture, arranging a sponge substrate coated in a consecutive manner with a barium zirconium titanate thin film, followed by polypyrrole, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and eventually polydimethylsiloxane. The foundation of additional conductive pathways is enabled via the utilization of a porous framework and the hierarchical arrangement, causing the achievement of an excellent sensitivity of 9.71 kPa–1 (0–9 kPa), a rapid 40 ms response time, and a fast 60 ms recovery period, combined with a particularly low detection limit (125 Pa) and an extended pressure range from 0 to 225 kPa. Furthermore, the integration of a rough and porous barium zirconium titanate/barium titanate thin film is expected to deliver a voltage output (1.25 V) through piezoelectric working mechanisms. This study possesses the potential to provide an innovative architecture design for advancing the development of future electronic devices for health and sports monitoring.
Keywords: pressure sensor; sponge; polypyrrole; carbon nanotube; sol-gel; energy generation pressure sensor; sponge; polypyrrole; carbon nanotube; sol-gel; energy generation
Graphical Abstract

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Onar Camlibel, N.; Kandola, B.K. Dual-Functional Polyurethane Sponge-Based Pressure Sensors Incorporating BZT/BTO, Polypyrrole, and Carbon Nanotubes with Energy Generation Capability. Polymers 2026, 18, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020241

AMA Style

Onar Camlibel N, Kandola BK. Dual-Functional Polyurethane Sponge-Based Pressure Sensors Incorporating BZT/BTO, Polypyrrole, and Carbon Nanotubes with Energy Generation Capability. Polymers. 2026; 18(2):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Onar Camlibel, Nurhan, and Baljinder K. Kandola. 2026. "Dual-Functional Polyurethane Sponge-Based Pressure Sensors Incorporating BZT/BTO, Polypyrrole, and Carbon Nanotubes with Energy Generation Capability" Polymers 18, no. 2: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020241

APA Style

Onar Camlibel, N., & Kandola, B. K. (2026). Dual-Functional Polyurethane Sponge-Based Pressure Sensors Incorporating BZT/BTO, Polypyrrole, and Carbon Nanotubes with Energy Generation Capability. Polymers, 18(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020241

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.
Back to TopTop