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Polymers
Volume 17
Issue 13
10.3390/polym17131794
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Impact of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Engineered Wood (Plywood and Particle Board) on Immune and Oxidative Biomarkers: A C57BL/6 Mouse Model Study

by
Hui Ma
1,2,3,†,
Keon-Ho Kim
4,†,
Chang-Deuk Eom
4,
Md. Habibur Rahman
2,
Johny Bajgai
2,5,
Sofian Abdul-Nasir
1,2,
Chaodeng Mo
1,2,
Won-Joong Hwang
4,
Seong Hoon Goh
2,
Bomi Kim
2,
Kyu-Jae Lee
2,
Jiyoon Yang
4,* and
Cheol-Su Kim
2,*
1
Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People’s Hospital of Fengjie County, Chongqing 404600, China
4
Division of Wood Industry, Department of Forest Products and Industry, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131794 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 June 2025 / Revised: 24 June 2025 / Accepted: 24 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood and Wood-Based Materials, 4th Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Plywood and particle boards, commonly used in construction and interior environments, are sources of indoor chemical emissions from synthetic adhesives, resins, and surface treatments. Among these, formaldehyde, classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and other compounds are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and organ toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological and physiological effects of plywood and particleboard emissions in female C57BL/6 mice. The mice were exposed to formaldehyde, phytoncides, and untreated wood samples under short- (30–60 days) and long-term (120–180 days) conditions. Biological effects were assessed through histopathology of major organs, differential white blood cell counts, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and glutathione peroxidase), liver and kidney function tests (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine), and inflammatory cytokine profiling (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12p70). These findings revealed no significant pathological changes or systemic toxicity following long-term exposure. Minor elevations in hepatic and renal biomarkers were observed but remained within physiological limits. Antioxidant responses and cytokine fluctuations suggested mild adaptive and immunomodulatory effects. These results highlight the importance of reducing emissions from engineered wood products to improve indoor air quality and minimize potential health risks.
Keywords: man-made wood; plywood; particle board; toxicity; inflammation; indoor air quality man-made wood; plywood; particle board; toxicity; inflammation; indoor air quality

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ma, H.; Kim, K.-H.; Eom, C.-D.; Rahman, M.H.; Bajgai, J.; Abdul-Nasir, S.; Mo, C.; Hwang, W.-J.; Goh, S.H.; Kim, B.; et al. Impact of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Engineered Wood (Plywood and Particle Board) on Immune and Oxidative Biomarkers: A C57BL/6 Mouse Model Study. Polymers 2025, 17, 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131794

AMA Style

Ma H, Kim K-H, Eom C-D, Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Abdul-Nasir S, Mo C, Hwang W-J, Goh SH, Kim B, et al. Impact of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Engineered Wood (Plywood and Particle Board) on Immune and Oxidative Biomarkers: A C57BL/6 Mouse Model Study. Polymers. 2025; 17(13):1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131794

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Hui, Keon-Ho Kim, Chang-Deuk Eom, Md. Habibur Rahman, Johny Bajgai, Sofian Abdul-Nasir, Chaodeng Mo, Won-Joong Hwang, Seong Hoon Goh, Bomi Kim, and et al. 2025. "Impact of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Engineered Wood (Plywood and Particle Board) on Immune and Oxidative Biomarkers: A C57BL/6 Mouse Model Study" Polymers 17, no. 13: 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131794

APA Style

Ma, H., Kim, K.-H., Eom, C.-D., Rahman, M. H., Bajgai, J., Abdul-Nasir, S., Mo, C., Hwang, W.-J., Goh, S. H., Kim, B., Lee, K.-J., Yang, J., & Kim, C.-S. (2025). Impact of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Engineered Wood (Plywood and Particle Board) on Immune and Oxidative Biomarkers: A C57BL/6 Mouse Model Study. Polymers, 17(13), 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131794

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