Flexural Behavior of Innovative Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams Reinforced with Gypsum-Based Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Pultruded GFRP Beams’ Properties
2.2. Desulfurization Gypsum
2.3. PVA
2.4. Steel Bars
2.5. Coagulation Test
- (a)
- Weigh 300 g of gypsum, 210 g of water, and the specified ratio of retarder. Thoroughly mix the gypsum and retarder, and within 5 s, pour the sample into water to achieve a uniform slurry, as shown in Figure 3a.
- (b)
- Pour the evenly stirred slurry into the ring mold, ensuring the slurry flushes to the upper end of the ring mold, as depicted in Figure 3b.
- (c)
- Record the initial setting time, defined as the period from the contact of the sample with water to the first instance when the steel needle cannot touch the glass-bottom plate, as demonstrated in Figure 3c.
- (d)
- Record the final setting time, defined as the period from the contact of the sample with water to the time when the depth of the steel needle inserted into the slurry is below 1 mm for the first time, as shown in Figure 3d.
2.6. Fabrication of Gypsum Blocks for Mechanical Test
- (a)
- Weighing: Measure 864 g of gypsum, 605 g of water, 1.04 g of retarder, and PVAs with dosages ranging from 0% to 1.5%.
- (b)
- Mixing and stirring: Pour the aforementioned materials into the blender and stir until a homogeneous mixture is achieved.
- (c)
- Brush oil onto the inner surfaces of the molds.
- (d)
- Pour the mixture into the molds, allowing the blocks to take shape over the course of a day.
- (e)
- Demold the blocks and cure them in a curing box for a duration of 3 days.
2.7. Four-Point Bending Tests
- (a)
- Prepare square GFRP beams filled with gypsum-based composites and affix the strain gauges using silicone rubber.
- (b)
- Install the GFRP beams in the vertical loading reaction system device, adjusting the position of supports and their height.
- (c)
- Connect the static resistance strain gauges with wires to form a quarter bridge and install displacement indicators.
- (d)
- Preload the specimen with 2.5 kN to ensure full contact between the loading device and the test beam, then unload it back to zero.
- (e)
- Apply a continuous load on the specimen with loading steps of 2.5 kN until failure occurs. Record load levels, strain, and displacement values throughout the entire loading process.
3. Theoretical Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Coagulation Test Results
4.2. Results of the Flexural and Compressive Strength Tests on Gypsum Blocks
4.3. Results of the Four-Point Bending Tests
4.3.1. Ultimate Limit State Analysis
4.3.2. Strain Distribution Analysis
4.4. Discussion
4.4.1. Height-Wise Strain Distribution Analysis
4.4.2. Theoretical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- Protein retarder sensitivity: The setting time of gypsum was found to be sensitive to protein retarder. An optimal dosage of 0.12% protein retarder effectively prolongs the initial and final setting time from 5 min and 10 min to 113 min and 135 min, respectively, making it suitable for specimen preparation.
- PVA composite gypsum strength: The flexural and compressive test results of gypsum blocks indicate that as the PVA content increases from 0% to 1.2%, the strength of PVA gypsum continuously increases. However, a downward trend is observed as the PVA dosage changes from 1.2% to 1.5%. The optimal dosage of PVA is determined to be 1.2%, enhancing the flexural and compressive strength of PVA composite gypsum from 1.17 MPa and 2.50 MPa to 2.97 MPa and 3.4 MPa, respectively.
- Ultimate load values of GRFP square beams: In the four-point bending tests, the ultimate load values of pure gypsum, reinforced gypsum, and PVA gypsum infilled GFRP square beams are 46.822 kN, 56.690 kN, and 60.035 kN, respectively. Compared with the ultimate load value of hollow GFRP square beams (19.759 kN), the ultimate bending capacity of GFRP square beams infilled with gypsum, reinforced gypsum, and PVA gypsum increases by 136.97%, 186.91%, and 203.84%, respectively. Among them, PVA gypsum GFRP square beams exhibit the best mechanical performance.
- Strain distribution and theoretical equations: The strain distribution along the height at the middle span section generally meets the plane section assumption under different load levels. Theoretical equations are established to calculate the ultimate load values, whose results align well with experimental values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Direction | Tensile Strength/MPa | Modulus of Elasticity/GPa | Compressive Strength/MPa | Modulus of Elasticity/GPa | Shear Strength/MPa | Modulus of Elasticity/GPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 321.7 | 22.00 | 266.7 | 21.28 | 71.7 | 9.87 |
90° | 28.8 | 2.65 | 57.8 | 4.45 | 52.4 | 9.76 |
Material | Water Requirement for Normal Consistency | Setting Times | Powdery Degree/200 Mesh | Whiteness/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | ||||
Desulfurized gypsum | 70% | 5 min | 10 min | 0.01 | 50 |
Name | Diameter/ μm | Length/mm | Density/ g/cm3 | Tensile Strength/MPa | Modulus of Elasticity/GPa | Elongation at Break |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVA | 15.09 | 12 | 1.29 | 1830 | 40 | 6.9% |
Grade | Modulus of Elasticity/MPa | Poisson’s Ratio | Yield Stress/MPa |
---|---|---|---|
HRB400 steel bars | 200,000 | 0.3 | 400 |
Types | Length/mm | Width/mm | Height/mm | End Face Style |
---|---|---|---|---|
K-G beam | 1500 | 150 | 150 | |
S-G beam | 1500 | 150 | 150 | |
G-G beam | 1500 | 150 | 150 | |
P-G beam | 1500 | 150 | 150 |
Sample | Ultimate Load/kN | Average Value/kN | Mid-Span Deflection/mm | Average Value/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
H-G-1 | 19.537 | 19.759 | 3.51 | 3.610 |
H-G-2 | 19.980 | 3.71 | ||
G-G-1 | 45.130 | 46.822 | 7.62 | 7.928 |
G-G-2 | 48.514 | 8.235 | ||
R-G-1 | 53.880 | 56.690 | 8.635 | 8.513 |
R-G-2 | 59.500 | 8.39 | ||
P-G-1 | 60.070 | 60.035 | 9.495 | 10.013 |
P-G-2 | 60.000 | 10.53 |
Type | /mm | Experimental Ultimate Load /kN | Theoretical Ultimate Load /kN | Relative Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
H-G beam | 3.610 | 19.759 | 19.983 | 1.12% |
G-G beam | 7.928 | 46.822 | 50.428 | 7.15% |
R-G beam | 8.513 | 56.690 | 53.935 | 5.11% |
P-G beam | 10.013 | 60.035 | 65.027 | 7.68% |
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Liu, Y.; Su, B.; Zhang, T. Flexural Behavior of Innovative Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams Reinforced with Gypsum-Based Composites. Polymers 2024, 16, 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233327
Liu Y, Su B, Zhang T. Flexural Behavior of Innovative Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams Reinforced with Gypsum-Based Composites. Polymers. 2024; 16(23):3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233327
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yiwen, Bo Su, and Tianyu Zhang. 2024. "Flexural Behavior of Innovative Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams Reinforced with Gypsum-Based Composites" Polymers 16, no. 23: 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233327
APA StyleLiu, Y., Su, B., & Zhang, T. (2024). Flexural Behavior of Innovative Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Beams Reinforced with Gypsum-Based Composites. Polymers, 16(23), 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233327