Chitosan/PVA Nanofibers as Potential Material for the Development of Soft Actuators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Polymeric Solutions
2.3. Electrospinning Process
2.4. Morphology and Diameter Determination
2.5. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.6. Thermal Properties
2.7. Mechanical Properties
2.8. Swelling Ratio of Nanofiber Hydrogels
2.9. Electroactive Response
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology and Diameter Distribution of Chitosan/PVA Nanofibers
3.2. FTIR Spectroscopy
3.3. Thermal Properties
3.4. Mechanical Properties
3.5. Swelling Ratio of Chitosan/PVA Nanofiber Hydrogels
3.6. Electroactive Response of the Nanofiber Hydrogels
3.6.1. Influence of Chitosan Content on the Speed Displacement at Different pH
3.6.2. Determination of Free Amine (−NH2) by Spectra Deconvolution
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Chitosan (wt.%) | PVA (wt.%) | Mean (µm) | Morphology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cs-5 | 2.5 | 5 | 0.617 ± 0.1 | High presence of particles and fibers |
Cs-6 | 3 | 5 | 0.539 ± 0.09 | Presence of beads, with a high formation of uniform fibers |
Cs-7 | 3.5 | 5 | 0.523 ± 0.09 | High presence of beads, with a uniform fiber formation |
Cs-8 | 4 | 5 | 0.581 ± 0.1 | Uniform fiber formation |
Sample | Chitosan (wt.%) | PVA (wt.%) | First Mass Loss (%) to 50–158 | Second Mass Loss (%) to 180–375 | Third Mass Loss (%) to 375–530 | First Stage 1st Peak (°C) | First Stage 2nd Peak (°C) | Second Stage 1st Peak (°C) | Second Stage 2nd Peak (°C) | Third Stage (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVA | - | - | 4 | 90.53 | - | 81 | - | 304 | - | - |
Chit | - | - | 5 | 49.68 | - | 67 | - | 299 | - | - |
Cs-5 | 2.5 | 5 | 10.2 | 59.18 | 13.06 | 56.6 | 113.4 | 270.5 | 310 | 431 |
Cs-6 | 3 | 5 | 8.7 | 59.66 | 14 | 56 | 111.21 | 267.0 | 310 | 430 |
Cs-7 | 3.5 | 5 | 8 | 60.4 | 14.98 | 56.3 | 106.6 | 265.8 | 309 | 428 |
Cs-8 | 4 | 5 | 11.1 | 59.1 | 15 | 55.95 | 120.5 | 263.9 | - | 428 |
Sample | Chitosan (wt.%) | PVA (wt.%) | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cs-5 | 2.5 | 5 | 299.7 ± 7.65 | 3.84 ± 0.39 | 3.37 ± 0.29 |
Cs-6 | 3 | 5 | 402.8 ± 4.07 | 4.27 ± 0.59 | 3.24 ± 0.46 |
Cs-7 | 3.5 | 5 | 439.35 ± 10.45 | 6.42 ± 0.8 | 5.92 ± 0.69 |
Cs-8 | 4 | 5 | 648.45 ± 12.04 | 2.82 ± 0.27 | 3.12 ± 0.42 |
Sample | Hydrogen Bond Types | Abbreviation | Wavenumber/cm−1 | Relative Strength/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cs-5 | Primary ammonium | I | −NH+3 | ~3100 cm−1 | 6.31 |
Intermolecular hydrogen bond | II | OH…ether O | ~3200 cm−1 | 13.14 | |
Amide | III | −CONH− | ~3240 cm−1 | 15.11 | |
Intermolecular association | IV | N2−H1…O5/N2−H2…O1 | ~3335 cm−1 | 43.90 | |
Free amine | V | −NH2 | ~3408 cm−1 | 3.66 | |
Multimer (Intermolecular association) | VI | O6H…N2* | ~3462 cm−1 | 16.48 | |
Free hydroxyl | VII | −OH | ~3580 cm−1 | 1.36 | |
Cs-6 | Primary ammonium | I | −NH+3 | ~3100 cm−1 | 4.23 |
Intermolecular hydrogen bond | II | OH…ether O | ~3200 cm−1 | 17.30 | |
Amide | III | −CONH− | ~3240 cm−1 | 13.64 | |
Intermolecular association | IV | N2−H1…O5/N2−H2…O1 | ~3335 cm−1 | 42.91 | |
Free amine | V | −NH2 | ~3408 cm−1 | 3.79 | |
Multimer (Intermolecular association) | VI | O6H…N2* | ~3462 cm−1 | 17.01 | |
Free hydroxyl | VII | −OH | ~3580 cm−1 | 1.08 | |
Cs-7 | Primary ammonium | I | −NH+3 | ~3100 cm−1 | 5.54 |
Intermolecular hydrogen bond | II | OH…ether O | ~3200 cm−1 | 15.72 | |
Amide | III | −CONH− | ~3240 cm−1 | 14.54 | |
Intermolecular association | IV | N2−H1…O5/N2−H2…O1 | ~3335 cm−1 | 41.62 | |
Free amine | V | −NH2 | ~3408 cm−1 | 4.29 | |
Multimer (Intermolecular association) | VI | O6H…N2* | ~3462 cm−1 | 16.95 | |
Free hydroxyl | VII | −OH | ~3580 cm−1 | 1.21 | |
Cs-8 | Primary ammonium | I | −NH+3 | ~3100 cm−1 | 5.94 |
Intermolecular hydrogen bond | II | OH…ether O | ~3200 cm−1 | 16.67 | |
Amide | III | −CONH− | ~3240 cm−1 | 14.85 | |
Intermolecular association | IV | N2−H1…O5/N2−H2…O1 | ~3335 cm−1 | 39.15 | |
Free amine | V | −NH2 | ~3408 cm−1 | 4.59 | |
Multimer (Intermolecular association) | VI | O6H…N2* | ~3462 cm−1 | 17.82 | |
Free hydroxyl | VII | −OH | ~3580 cm−1 | 0.95 |
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Olvera Bernal, R.A.; Olekhnovich, R.O.; Uspenskaya, M.V. Chitosan/PVA Nanofibers as Potential Material for the Development of Soft Actuators. Polymers 2023, 15, 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092037
Olvera Bernal RA, Olekhnovich RO, Uspenskaya MV. Chitosan/PVA Nanofibers as Potential Material for the Development of Soft Actuators. Polymers. 2023; 15(9):2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092037
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlvera Bernal, Rigel Antonio, Roman Olegovich Olekhnovich, and Mayya Valerievna Uspenskaya. 2023. "Chitosan/PVA Nanofibers as Potential Material for the Development of Soft Actuators" Polymers 15, no. 9: 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092037