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Article

Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites

SABIC Technology Center (STC-K), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), P.O. Box 4545-4700, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4678; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678
Submission received: 31 July 2023 / Revised: 22 October 2023 / Accepted: 31 October 2023 / Published: 11 December 2023

Abstract

Fiber sizing is one of the most important components in manufacturing composites by affecting mechanical properties, including strength and stiffness. The sizing of manmade fibers offers many advantages, such as improving fiber/matrix adhesion and bonding properties, protecting fiber surfaces from damage during the processing and weaving stages, and enhancing the surface wettability of polymer matrices. In this work, the influence of fiber sizing levels on carbon fibers’ (CFs) mechanical properties is reported at room temperature using single fiber tensile testing (Favimat+), single fiber pullout testing (SFPO), and interfacial elemental analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Standard modulus CFs (7 ± 0.2 μm in diameter) were sized using two commercially available Michelman sizing formulations. The average solid content for each sizing formulation was 26.3 ± 0.2% and 34.1 ± 0.2%, respectively. HEXION RIMR 135 with curing agent RIMH 137 was used as a model thermoset epoxy matrix during SFPO measurements. A predictive engineering fiber sizing methodology was also developed. Sizing amounts of 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.% on the fiber surface were achieved for both sizing formulations. For each fiber size level, 50 single-fiber tensile testing experiments and 20 single-fiber pull-out tests were conducted. The ultimate tensile strength (σult) of the carbon fibers and the interfacial shear strength (τapp) of the single fiber composite were analyzed. The sizing levels’ effect on interfacial shear stress and the O/C (Oxygen/Carbon) surface composition ratio was investigated. Based on our experimental findings, an increase of 6% in fiber performance was recorded for ultimate tensile and interfacial shear strengths. As a result, generalized fiber sizing and characterization methods were established. These developed methods can be used to characterize the strength and interfacial shear strength of manmade fibers with different sizing formulations and solid contents irrespective of the matrix, i.e., thermoset or thermoplastic.
Keywords: carbon fiber; thermoset; sizing; single fiber tensile testing; single fiber pullout testing; sizing levels; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) carbon fiber; thermoset; sizing; single fiber tensile testing; single fiber pullout testing; sizing levels; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jaber, A.A.; Abbas, S.A.; Farah, A.A.; Kopeć, K.K.; Alsalik, Y.M.; Tayeb, M.A.; Verghese, N. Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites. Polymers 2023, 15, 4678. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678

AMA Style

Jaber AA, Abbas SA, Farah AA, Kopeć KK, Alsalik YM, Tayeb MA, Verghese N. Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites. Polymers. 2023; 15(24):4678. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaber, Albraa A., Sara A. Abbas, Abdiaziz A. Farah, Karina K. Kopeć, Yahya M. Alsalik, Mohammed A. Tayeb, and Nikhil Verghese. 2023. "Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites" Polymers 15, no. 24: 4678. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678

APA Style

Jaber, A. A., Abbas, S. A., Farah, A. A., Kopeć, K. K., Alsalik, Y. M., Tayeb, M. A., & Verghese, N. (2023). Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites. Polymers, 15(24), 4678. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678

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