Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Asphalt
2.1.2. Mineral Aggregates
2.1.3. Waste Plastic Aggregate (WPA)
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Aggregate Property Test
2.2.2. Mixture Design
2.2.3. Mixing Process
2.2.4. Curing Conditions
2.2.5. Volume Characteristic Evaluation
2.2.6. Durability Test Items and Contents
Test Item | Temp. (°C) | Condition | Loading | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deformation strength (SD) | 60 | 30 mm/min | MOLIT 2017 [32,33] (Figure 2a) | |
Indirect tensile strength (ITS) | 25 | Dry | 50.8 mm/min | KS F 2382 [36] (Figure 2b) |
Wheel tracking (WT) | 60 | // | 42 pass/min | AAHSTO 324 [38] (Figure 2c) |
Tensile strength ratio (TSR) | 60, 25 | Wet 60 24 h | 50.8 mm/min | KS F 2398 [37] |
Deformation strength ratio (SDR) | 60, 25 | Wet 60 48 h | 30 mm/min | - |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mixture Design Results
3.2. Deformation Strength (SD)
3.3. Strain Strength Ratio (SDR)
3.4. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)
3.5. Wheel Tracking (WT) Rut Depth and Dynamic Stability
3.6. Dynamic Modulus Test
3.7. Discussion
4. Conclusions
- -
- The control mixture, without any WPA, exhibited a deformation strength of 4.29 MPa. The WPCM mixture with 3% wt WPA and epoxy reinforcement had a deformation strength of 4.01 MPa. Increasing the WPA content to 5% and 7% wt resulted in deformation strengths of 3.7 MPa and 3.32 MPa, respectively. The presence of epoxy resin enhanced the bond between WPA and the asphalt binder, improving cohesion and load-bearing capacity.
- -
- The inclusion of WPA in the asphalt mixtures affected the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and stiffness properties. The optimal WPA content for balancing strength and stiffness varied, with the 5% wt WPA mixture demonstrating a slightly improved ITS of 0.9 MPa and increased stiffness of 2.7 kN/mm compared to the 3% wt WPA mix. Higher WPA content did not necessarily lead to improved ITS and stiffness. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable asphalt mixtures with enhanced performance and resilience.
- -
- The control mixture showed moderate rutting resistance, with a final rut depth of 7.26 mm. Increasing the WPA content resulted in significant reductions in rut depth, with the 3% wt WPA mixture achieving 6.91 mm and the 5% wt WPA mixture further reducing it to 3.74 mm. The best-performing mixture was the 7% wt WPA, exhibiting exceptional performance with a final rut depth of 2.66 mm and a dynamic stability of 7519 passes per millimeter. The addition of epoxy resin enhanced cohesion and adhesion between plastic particles and the asphalt binder, contributing to improved performance.
- -
- The inclusion of epoxy resin in the WPA mixture also played a critical role in preventing stripping points and improving adhesion between the asphalt binder and the aggregate.
- -
- The dynamic modulus of the WPA mixture at very low frequencies is significantly higher (696 MPa) than that of the control mixture (270 MPa). This notable difference underscores the outstanding rutting resistance of the WPA mixture, particularly in low-speed zones and at low frequencies.
- -
- The inclusion of WPA in the asphalt mixtures, along with a fixed 3% wt epoxy resin content by weight, significantly improves the SDR. The control mixture exhibits an SDR of 76.3%, while the WPCM mixtures with 3%, 5%, and 7% wt WPA content achieve SDR values of 83.5%, 98.7%, and 92.8%, respectively.
- -
- While this research provides valuable insights into the use of WPA and epoxy resin in asphalt mixtures, further field studies are necessary to assess their long-term durability. Future research should explore the effects of different types and sizes of waste plastic materials, investigate synergistic combinations with additives/modifiers, and conduct life-cycle assessments for a comprehensive understanding of their sustainability and cost-effectiveness.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Item | Specifications | PG 64-22 (Pen.60-80) | |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration at 25 °C, dmm [24] | - | 75.0 | |
Flashpoint, °C [25] | >260 | 339.0 | |
The softening point, °C [25] | - | 45.8 | |
Penetration Ratio, % [24] | >55 | 64.1 | |
Rotational viscosity at 120 °C, mm2/s [26] | - | 928 | |
DSR | Original G*/sin δ (kPa, 64 °C) [27] | >1.0 | 1.41 |
RTFO G*/sin δ (kPa, 64 °C) [27] | >2.2 | 3.28 | |
BBR | Stiffness (MPa, −12 °C) [28] | <300 | 208 |
M-value (−12 °C) [28] | >0.3 | 0.27 |
Adhesive Strength (MPa) | Stiffness (MPa) | Water Absorption (%) | Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | Viscosity (cps) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4–6 | 2600 | <0.1 | 52 | 5900 |
Classification | Density (g/cm3) | Absorption (%) | Abrasion (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | SSD | Apparent | ||||
20 mm | 2.748 | 2.761 | 2.785 | 0.485 | 26.109 | |
13 mm | 2.708 | 2.735 | 2.784 | 1.030 | 33.300 | |
Fine Agg. | Screenings | 2.721 | 2.776 | 2.880 | 2.060 | |
Filler | Limestone powder | 0.000 | 2.793 |
Waste Plastic Agg. | Year | Gradation | Fineness Modulus | Bulk The Density of Agg. | Specific Gravity under Oven Dry | Solid Content of Agg. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 mm | 20 mm | 10 mm | 5 mm | 2.5 mm | 1.2 mm | ||||||
WPCM | 1st | 100 | 97.5 | 24.9 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 36.1 |
Layer | Gradation | Mix by WPA | WPA Content (wt. %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | |||
Base | BB-2 | Control | ○ | - | - | - |
WPCM | - | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Type | Gradation | Asphalt Content (wt. %) | Density | Air Voids (%) | VMA (%) | VFA (%) | SD (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | BB-2 | 4.0 | 2.389 | 5.4 | 14.8 | 63.4 | 3.03 |
4.5 | 2.370 | 5.5 | 15.9 | 65.7 | 2.79 | ||
5.0 | 2.421 | 2.7 | 14.6 | 81.4 | 4.09 | ||
5.5 | 2.416 | 2.2 | 15.2 | 85.5 | 4.26 | ||
6.0 | 2.419 | 1.4 | 15.6 | 91.3 | 4.24 | ||
WPCM | BB-2 | 4.2 | 2.305 | 4.7 | 14.1 | 67.1 | 2.80 |
4.7 | 2.313 | 3.7 | 14.3 | 74.5 | 2.75 | ||
5.2 | 2.317 | 2.9 | 14.6 | 80.5 | 3.23 |
Gradation | OAC (%) of Each Mix | |
---|---|---|
Control | WPCM | |
BB-2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
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Lee, S.-Y.; Le, T.H.M. Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive. Polymers 2023, 15, 3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153293
Lee S-Y, Le THM. Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive. Polymers. 2023; 15(15):3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153293
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sang-Yum, and Tri Ho Minh Le. 2023. "Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive" Polymers 15, no. 15: 3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153293
APA StyleLee, S.-Y., & Le, T. H. M. (2023). Feasibility of Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Materials Utilizing Waste Plastic Aggregate, Epoxy Resin, and Magnesium-Based Additive. Polymers, 15(15), 3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153293