The Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Wood-PLA Composites Processed by Additive Manufacturing for Building Insulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Layout
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology of PHW Filament
3.2. Thermal Properties of as-Received and Extruded Filaments
3.3. Thermal Properties of 3D Printed Wood-PLA Filament
3.4. Mechanical Performance of as-Received and Printed Wood-PLA Material
3.5. Filament Arrangement and Fracture Patterns
- -
- Pure uniaxial tension, which localizes at the periphery. This mechanism is related to the presence of an external frame that promotes uniaxial deformation in the loading direction
- -
- Combined uniaxial and shear deformation, which is related to the misalignment of the filament within the raster, with respect to the loading conditions.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Level |
---|---|
Wire diameter, (mm) | 1.75 ± 0.05 mm |
Density, (g/cm3) | 1.15 g/cm3 (ISO 1183) [23] |
Tensile modulus, (MPa) | 3290 (ISO 527) [24] |
Tensile strength, (MPa) | 46 (ISO 527) |
Tensile strain at tensile strength, (%) | 4.6 (ISO 527) |
Tensile stress at break, (MPa) | 42 (ISO 527) |
Tensile strain at break, (MPa) | 5.5 (ISO 527) |
Flexural modulus, (MPa) | 3930 MPa (ISO 178) [25] |
Flexural strain at break, (%) | 5% (ISO 178) |
Sharpy notched impact strength, (kJ/m2) | 4.2 (ISO 179-1/1 eA) [26] |
Sharpy impact strength, (kJ/m2) | 19.0 (ISO 179-1/1 eU) |
Glass transition temperature, °C | 55 °C |
Printing temperature, °C | 195–220 °C |
Bed temperature, °C | 50–60 °C |
Printing speed, mm/s | 40–100 |
Printing Condition | Value |
---|---|
Nozzle diameter, mm | 0.4 |
Layer height, mm | 0.2 |
Wall thickness, mm | 0.8 |
Top/bottom thickness, mm | 0.6 |
Printing speed, mm/s | 50 |
Building sequence, deg. | +45/−45 |
Material | Thermal Conductivity | Thermal Effusivity | Thermal Diffusivity |
---|---|---|---|
3D printed PHW | 0.14/50/0 | 2.1/50/0 | 1.5/100/30 |
Glass wool | 0.1/30/0 | 1/30/0 | 1/65/25 |
Synthetic foam | 0.8/35/0 | 1/30/0 | 0.61/60/25 |
Material | Thermal Transitions: E/O/P/E | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHW—as-received | 3.8 ± 0.92 51 ± 0.8 56 ± 0.4 63 ± 1.1 | 13.9 ± 0.40 80 ± 0.5 90 ± 0.5 103 ± 0.7 | 20.8 ± 0.66 147 ± 0.5 155 ± 0.2 161 ± 0.3 | 310.2 ± 17.24 285 ± 10.6 331 ± 2.9 353 ± 4.9 | 5.5 ± 1.05 264 ± 1.2 387 ± 1.5 411 ± 1.6 |
PHW—TP = 200 °C | 3.1 ± 0.25 49 ± 0.4 54 ± 0.3 62 ± 1.0 | 15.3 ± 0.85 80 ± 0.2 90 ± 0.2 102 ± 0.4 | 21.7 ± 1.01 148 ± 0.3 156 ± 0.5 164 ± 0.6 | 318.8 ± 5.71 277 ± 3.3 334 ± 1.0 355 ± 1.6 | 4.1 ± 0.39 364 ± 2.9 386 ± 0.9 411 ± 1.0 |
PHW—TP = 210 °C | 3.4 ± 0.12 49 ± 0.0 54 ± 0.3 62 ± 0.4 | 16.5 ± 0.13 80 ± 0.3 89 ± 0.4 102 ± 0.9 | 21.4 ± 0.55 149 ± 0.1 156 ± 0.2 164 ± 0.7 | 336.1 ± 46.83 279 ± 1.0 335 ± 1.5 357 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.65 368 ± 1.1 385 ± 1.4 411 ± 1.3 |
PHW—TP = 220 °C | 3.2 ± 0.27 49 ± 0.1 54 ± 0.1 62 ± 0.3 | 16.2 ± 0.18 81 ± 0.2 89 ± 0.1 101 ± 0.5 | 23.1 ± 1.06 149 ± 0.2 156 ± 0.4 164 ± 0.4 | 328.6 ± 5.34 284 ± 0.4 335 ± 1.8 358 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.50 368 ± 0.7 385 ± 0.6 407 ± 5.9 |
Property | Infill Rate (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infill rate (%) | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 |
Density (kg/m3) | 168 ± 6 | 261 ± 1 | 333 ± 10 | 399 ± 2 |
Thermal conductivity (mW/(mK)) | 49.50 ± 1.29 | 66.75 ± 1.43 | 73.25 ± 2.99 | 78.75 ± 2.36 |
Thermal effusivity (Ws0.5/(m2K)) | 127 ± 4 | 179 ± 1 | 199 ± 4 | 221 ± 3 |
Thermal diffusivity (×10−7 m2/s) | 1.98 ± 0.02 | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 1.59 ± 0.06 | 1.56 ± 0.05 |
Property | Printing Temperature (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|
200 | 210 | 220 | |
Thermal conductivity (mW/(mK)) | 49.50 ± 1.29 | 50.25 ± 0.96 | 52.25 ± 1.71 |
Thermal effusivity (Ws0.5/(m2K)) | 127 ± 4 | 128 ± 2 | 128 ± 1 |
Thermal diffusivity (×10−7 m2/s) | 1.98 ± 0.02 | 1.95 ± 0.01 | 1.91 ± 0.03 |
Property | Material | |
---|---|---|
Material | Glass wool | Synthetic Foam |
Density (kg/m3) | 106 ± 0.00 | 31.3 |
Thermal conductivity (mW/(mK)) | 31.50 ± 1.00 | 36.00 ± 1.41 |
Thermal effusivity (Ws0.5/(m2K)) | 61.00 + 1.15 | 70.50 ± 1.29 |
Thermal diffusivity (×10−7 m2/s) | 4.08 ± 0.06 | 4.23 ± 0.05 |
Material | TB (°C) | TP (°C) | EY (GPa) | σY (MPa) | σS (MPa) | σR (MPa) | εR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | - | - | 1.09 ± 0.14 | 42.56 ± 3.82 | 54 ± 0.00 | 47.83 ± 0.77 | 5.5 ± 1.8 |
PHW | - | - | 0.54 ± 0.058 | 24.55 ± 0.481 | 25.53 ± 0.319 | 21.84 ± 2.539 | 7.6 ± 0.8 |
3D printed | 50 | 200 | 0.53 ± 0.010 | 18.71 ± 0.988 | 20.60 ± 1.101 | 18.65 ± 1.987 | 5.3 ± 1.99 |
60 | 200 | 0.53 ± 0.015 | 18.88 ± 0.524 | 20.70 ± 0.680 | 16.23 ± 5.834 | 5.6 ± 0.40 | |
50 | 210 | 0.53 ± 0.005 | 18.56 ± 0.589 | 20.39 ± 0.672 | 17.56 ± 0.075 | 5.6 ± 0.30 | |
60 | 210 | 0.53 ± 0.013 | 18.33 ± 0.883 | 20.12 ± 1.028 | 17.02 ± 3.681 | 5.6 ± 0.30 | |
50 | 220 | 0.53 ± 0.021 | 18.72 ± 1.078 | 20.62 ± 1.097 | 15.92 ± 5.515 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | |
60 | 220 | 0.54 ± 0.012 | 18.97 ± 0.229 | 21.12 ± 0.285 | 18.66 ± 2.058 | 6.2 ± 0.1 |
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Bahar, A.; Hamami, A.E.A.; Benmahiddine, F.; Belhabib, S.; Belarbi, R.; Guessasma, S. The Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Wood-PLA Composites Processed by Additive Manufacturing for Building Insulation. Polymers 2023, 15, 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143056
Bahar A, Hamami AEA, Benmahiddine F, Belhabib S, Belarbi R, Guessasma S. The Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Wood-PLA Composites Processed by Additive Manufacturing for Building Insulation. Polymers. 2023; 15(14):3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143056
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahar, Anis, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Ferhat Benmahiddine, Sofiane Belhabib, Rafik Belarbi, and Sofiane Guessasma. 2023. "The Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Wood-PLA Composites Processed by Additive Manufacturing for Building Insulation" Polymers 15, no. 14: 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143056