Polymeric Electrochemical Sensor for Calcium Based on DNA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Equipment
2.3. Electrode Preparation
2.4. Sensor Characterization Studies
Silver–silver chloride (outer reference) | Test solution | Membrane | IF | Silver–silver chloride (inner reference) |
2.5. Determination of Ca in Real Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Composition Effect
3.2. pH–Effect
3.3. Selective-Character Studies
3.4. Determination of Calcium in Real Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plasticizer | Chemical Name | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Physical Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|
DOP | Dioctyl phthalate | C24H38O4 | 390.57 | Colorless, transparent oily liquid, slight odor. Boiling Point 386°C. Viscosity 80 c.p. (20). Refractive index 1.4831.48620. Flash point 109 °F. Insoluble in water. |
NPOE | 2-Nitrophenyloctyl ether | C14H21NO3 | 251.32 | Colorless liquid. Boiling Point 197–198 °C, 11 mm Hg. Flash Point > 230 °F. Refractive index n20/D 1.508 (lit.). Water Solubility, tetrahydrofuran: 0.1 g/mL. |
DEP | Diethyl phthalate | C12H14O4 | 222.24 | Colorless liquid without significant odor. Insoluble in water.Boiling Point 295 °C. Flash Point 325 °F. Refractive index 1.5002 at 25 °C/D. |
Composition, w/w% | PVC, mg | DNA, mg | DOP, mg | DEP, mg | NPOE, mg | Slope, mV/Decde | Detection Limit, M | Linear Range, M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-membrane | 60 | 2 | 120 | _ | _ | 30 | 7.9 × 10−6 | 5.0 × 10−2–5.0 × 10−5 |
II-membrane | 60 | 2 | _ | _ | 120 | 26 | 6.3 × 10−6 | 1.0 × 10−2–1.0 × 10−5 |
III-membrane | 60 | 2 | _ | 120 | _ | 29 | 2.5 × 10−5 | 5.0 × 10−2–5.0 × 10−5 |
No. | Inner Filling Solution | Slope, mV/Decade | Linear Range, M | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | (10−1 M CaCl2 + 10−1 M KCl) | 22 | 5.0 × 10−2–1.0 × 10−4 | 0.9917 |
B | (10−2 M CaCl2 + 10−2 M KCl) | 25 | 5.0 × 10−2–5.0 × 10−5 | 0.9797 |
C | (10−3 M CaCl2 + 10−3 M KCl) | 30 | 5.0 × 10−2–5.0 × 10−5 | 0.9978 |
D | (10−4 M CaCl2 + 10−4 M KCl) | 23 | 5.0 × 10−2–1.0 × 10−4 | 0.9923 |
Sensor/Ionophore | LDR, M | LOD, M | Slope, mV/Decade−1 | pH | Response Time, s | Age, Days | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nano-sized Ca+2 imprinted polymers | 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−1 | 7.5 × 10−7 | 30.3 | 5.0–7.0 | 10 | – | [3] |
Surface modified zeolite | 1.0 × 10−4–1.0 × 10−1 | – | 33.0 | 5.7–6.2 | – | – | [14] |
Composite mediator layer of RGO-coated BP | 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−1 | 7.2 × 10−6 | 28.3 | – | 10 | 10 | [15] |
Fine tip calcium ion selective electrode | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−3 | 3.2 × 10−8 | 30.0 | – | 10 | – | [17] |
Schiff base | – | – | – | – | – | 90 | [16] |
DNA | 5.0 × 10−5–5.0 × 10−2 | 7.9 × 10−6 | 30.0 | 4.0–9.5 | 3 | 21 | Present work |
Interference | KPotCa2+, jz+ | ||
---|---|---|---|
I-DOP | II-NPOE | III-DEP | |
Ba2+ | 2.27 × 10−4 | 1.60 | 1.71 × 10−6 |
Mg2+ | 4.21 × 10−4 | 1.05 | 2.91 × 10−6 |
Cu2+ | 2.13 × 10−4 | 1.09 | 1.30 × 10−6 |
Ni2+ | 3.60 × 10−4 | 0.49 | 4.29 × 10−6 |
Zn2+ | 2.88 × 10−4 | 0.63 | 3.33 × 10−6 |
Mn2+ | 3.51 × 10−4 | 0.59 | 3.47 × 10−6 |
Pb2+ | 1.80 × 10−4 | 0.50 | 3.17 × 10−6 |
NH4 + | 8.91 × 10−4 | 1.30 | 1.46 × 10−5 |
K+ | 8.71 × 10−4 | 0.49 | 1.57 × 10−5 |
Na+ | 9.33 × 10−4 | 0.52 | 9.75 × 10−6 |
Fe3+ | 2.44 × 10−4 | 0.72 | 3.29 × 10−7 |
Sr2+ | 2.40 × 10−4 | 0.99 | 1.77 × 10−6 |
Hg2+ | 2.70 × 10−4 | 0.26 | 8.00 × 10−5 |
Cr2+ | 5.37 × 10−4 | 0.60 | 3.28 × 10−6 |
Cd2+ | 1.21 × 10−4 | 0.25 | 1.10 × 10−6 |
No. | Sample | Ca2+, ppm | Recovery, % | RSD, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAS Method | Ca-ISE Method | ||||
A | Milk (Al-Marai) | 52.31 | 50.48 | 96.48 | 0.52 |
B | Milk (Danone) | 101.98 | 100.71 | 88.19 | 0.18 |
C | Powder milk (Nido) | 483.71 | 449.87 | 93.66 | 0.14 |
D | Cheese (Domty) | 163.83 | 159.62 | 89.00 | 0.17 |
E | Cheese (Président) | 479.56 | 449.87 | 83.47 | 0.24 |
F | Yogurt (Danone) | 241.33 | 200.95 | 83.66 | 0.20 |
G | Orange | 76.32 | 63.55 | 74.42 | 0.65 |
H | Guava | 63.08 | 50.40 | 79.84 | 0.75 |
I | Decal B12N (calcium syrup) | 67.86 | 56.63 | 93.63 | 0.67 |
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Zareh, M.M.; Mohamed, S.F.; Elsheikh, A.M. Polymeric Electrochemical Sensor for Calcium Based on DNA. Polymers 2022, 14, 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091896
Zareh MM, Mohamed SF, Elsheikh AM. Polymeric Electrochemical Sensor for Calcium Based on DNA. Polymers. 2022; 14(9):1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091896
Chicago/Turabian StyleZareh, Mohsen M., Soha F. Mohamed, and Anas M. Elsheikh. 2022. "Polymeric Electrochemical Sensor for Calcium Based on DNA" Polymers 14, no. 9: 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091896