Monothetic Analysis and Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Calcium Alginates Using Electrospray Technique
2.3. Microcapsule Size Distribution Determination
2.4. Sphericity Coefficient Determination
2.5. Experimental Size and Sphericity Optimization
2.6. Model Validation
2.7. Optimization
3. Results
3.1. OFAT Analysis of Independent Parameters
3.1.1. Effect of Sodium Alginate Concentration
3.1.2. Effect of Voltage
3.1.3. Effect of Flowrate
3.1.4. Effect of Calcium Chloride Concentration
3.1.5. Effect of Needle Size
3.2. ANOVA and Model Generation
3.2.1. Linear Variable Effect on Microcapsule Size and Sphericity
3.2.2. Effect of Independent Variable Interaction on Microcapsule Particle Size and Sphericity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Name | Units | Coded Low | Coded High |
---|---|---|---|---|
A(X1) | Sodium alginate concentration | % | 2.00 | 6.00 |
B(X2) | Flowrate | mL/h | 0.50 | 50.00 |
C(X3) | Needle size | G | 21.00 | 27.00 |
D(X4) | Voltage | kV | 13.00 | 21.00 |
E(X5) | Calcium chloride concentration | % | 2.00 | 6.00 |
Response | Name | Units | Observations | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Dev. | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | Microcapsule diameter | µm | 50.00 | 75.253 | 1193.15 | 523.87 | 326.21 | 15.86 |
R2 | sphericity coefficient | N/A | 50.00 | 0.29632 | 0.9956 | 0.7731 | 0.1865 | 3.36 |
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 5.212 × 106 | 20 | 2.606 × 105 | 3219.25 | <0.0001 |
A(X1)-sodium alginate concentration | 57,254.67 | 1 | 57,254.67 | 707.30 | <0.0001 |
B(X2)-Flowrate | 424.16 | 1 | 424.16 | 5.24 | 0.0295 |
C(X3)-Needle Size | 2.153 × 106 | 1 | 2.153 × 106 | 26,602.98 | <0.0001 |
D(X4)-Voltage | 9.512 × 105 | 1 | 9.512 × 105 | 11,751.21 | <0.0001 |
E(X5)-Calcium chloride concentration | 3.13 | 1 | 3.13 | 0.0386 | 0.8456 |
AB(X1X2) | 320.66 | 1 | 320.66 | 3.96 | 0.0561 |
AC(X1X3) | 4144.28 | 1 | 4144.28 | 51.20 | <0.0001 |
AD(X1X4) | 6493.40 | 1 | 6493.40 | 80.22 | <0.0001 |
AE(X1X5) | 4650.78 | 1 | 4650.78 | 57.45 | <0.0001 |
BC(X2X3) | 4288.83 | 1 | 4288.83 | 52.98 | <0.0001 |
BD(X2X4) | 3390.96 | 1 | 3390.96 | 41.89 | <0.0001 |
CD(X3X4) | 76,976.49 | 1 | 76,976.49 | 950.94 | <0.0001 |
CE(X3X5) | 1514.59 | 1 | 1514.59 | 18.71 | 0.0002 |
DE(X4X5) | 3414.89 | 1 | 3414.89 | 42.19 | <0.0001 |
1566.25 | 1 | 1566.25 | 19.35 | 0.0001 | |
647.87 | 1 | 647.87 | 8.00 | 0.0084 | |
1459.96 | 1 | 1459.96 | 18.04 | 0.0002 | |
Residual | 2347.49 | 29 | 80.95 | ||
Lack of Fit | 1568.52 | 22 | 71.30 | 0.6407 | 0.8006 |
Pure Error | 778.96 | 7 | 111.28 | ||
Cor Total | 5.214 × 106 | 49 |
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 1.69 | 20 | 0.0847 | 253.24 | <0.0001 |
A(X1)-sodium alginate concentration | 0.4518 | 1 | 0.4518 | 1350.64 | <0.0001 |
B(X2)-Flowrate | 0.4692 | 1 | 0.4692 | 1402.38 | <0.0001 |
C(X3)-Needle Size | 0.0165 | 1 | 0.0165 | 49.20 | <0.0001 |
D(X4)-Voltage | 0.0222 | 1 | 0.0222 | 66.32 | <0.0001 |
E(X5)-Calcium chloride concentration | 0.0014 | 1 | 0.0014 | 4.28 | 0.0475 |
AB(X1X2) | 0.4440 | 1 | 0.4440 | 1327.09 | <0.0001 |
AC(X1X3) | 0.0070 | 1 | 0.0070 | 21.02 | <0.0001 |
AE(X1X5) | 0.0021 | 1 | 0.0021 | 6.36 | 0.0174 |
BC(X2X3) | 0.0041 | 1 | 0.0041 | 12.21 | 0.0015 |
BD(X2X4) | 0.0027 | 1 | 0.0027 | 8.15 | 0.0079 |
BE(X2X5) | 0.0080 | 1 | 0.0080 | 23.95 | <0.0001 |
CE(X3X5) | 0.0072 | 1 | 0.0072 | 21.54 | <0.0001 |
DE(X4X5) | 0.0040 | 1 | 0.0040 | 11.90 | 0.0017 |
A2(X12) | 0.0179 | 1 | 0.0179 | 53.42 | <0.0001 |
B2(X22) | 0.0089 | 1 | 0.0089 | 26.60 | <0.0001 |
D2(X42) | 0.0032 | 1 | 0.0032 | 9.57 | 0.0044 |
Residual | 0.0097 | 29 | 0.0003 | ||
Lack of Fit | 0.0083 | 22 | 0.0004 | 1.83 | 0.2093 |
Pure Error | 0.0014 | 7 | 0.0002 | ||
Cor Total | 1.70 | 49 |
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Anani, J.; Noby, H.; Zkria, A.; Yoshitake, T.; ElKady, M. Monothetic Analysis and Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Characteristics. Polymers 2022, 14, 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040709
Anani J, Noby H, Zkria A, Yoshitake T, ElKady M. Monothetic Analysis and Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Characteristics. Polymers. 2022; 14(4):709. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040709
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnani, Joshua, Hussien Noby, Abdelrahman Zkria, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, and Marwa ElKady. 2022. "Monothetic Analysis and Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Characteristics" Polymers 14, no. 4: 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040709