Biopolymer-Based Films Reinforced with Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Nanoparticles Preparation
Efficiency of the Process
2.3. Film Processing Method
3. Characterization Technique
3.1. Nanoparticles Characterization
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.1.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.2. Physicochemical Properties
3.2.1. Water Contact Angle (WCA)
3.2.2. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
3.2.3. Water Solubility (WS)
3.2.4. Optical Properties
3.3. Mechanical Properties
3.4. Morphological Properties
3.5. Functional Properties
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Nanoparticles Characterization
4.1.1. Process Efficiency
4.1.2. XRD
4.1.3. TEM
4.2. Film Characterization
4.2.1. Physicochemical Properties
Water Contact Angle (WCA)
Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
Water Solubility (WS)
Optical Properties
4.2.2. Mechanical Properties
4.2.3. Morphological Properties
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.2.4. Functional Properties (Antioxidant Activity)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
E | Young’s modulus |
A | Area |
AY | Actual yield |
CA | Cellulose acetate |
CH | Chitosan |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide anhydrous |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl |
DS | Degree of substitution |
DW | Distilled water |
Film ZnO-NPs | Film embedded with zinc oxide nanoparticles |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalent |
GE | Gelatin |
IP (%) | Inhibitory concentration percentage |
LR | Limiting reagent |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
pH | Potential or power of hydrogen |
Phoenix dactylifera L. | Phoenix dactylifera leaves |
RH | Relative humidity |
T | Transparency |
TY | Theoretical yield |
UTS | Ultimate tensile stress |
WCA | Water contact angle |
WS | Water solubility |
WVP | Water vapor permeability |
WVTR | Water vapor transmission rate |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
ZnO-NPs | Zinc oxide nanoparticles |
εmax | Elongation at break |
Permeance |
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Sample | WCA (°) | WVTR (g/h·m2) | WVP | WS (%) | T600 (%) | T | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial value | 96 | 4–23 | 1 × 1 × | 1 | <1% | - | - |
CA ZnO-NPs | 92.1 ± 0.1 a | 80.3 ± 0.7 e | 3.35 ± 0.02 d | 1.21 ± 0.01 d | 15.3 ± 0.6 f | 16.9 ± 0.6 f | 7.91 ± 0.04 a |
Neat CA | 80.8 ± 0.2 c | 139.9 ± 1.0 a | 5.25 ± 0.04 a | 1.41 ± 0.02 c | 19.9 ± 1.4 e | 27.8 ± 0.9 e | 6.43 ± 0.01 b |
CH ZnO-NPs | 85.1 ± 0.3 b | 82.9 ± 0.5 d | 3.13 ± 0.02 e | 1.62 ± 0.02 a | 27.8 ± 0.9 d | 30.2 ± 0.4 d | 3.94 ± 0.04 c |
Neat CH | 74.2 ± 1.1 e | 98.4 ± 1.8 c | 3.73 ± 0.07 c | 1.52 ± 0.05 b | 29.5 ± 0.2 c | 59.0 ± 0.7 c | 2.72 ± 0.02 d |
GE ZnO-NPs | 76.3 ± 0.1 d | 69.9 ± 1.8 f | 2.61 ± 0.07 f | 0.71 ± 0.01 f | 88.2 ± 1.3 b | 61.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.51 ± 0.02 e |
Neat GE | 65.3 ± 0.1 f | 111.4 ± 2.3 b | 4.22 ± 0.09 b | 1.01 ± 0.07 e | 93.2 ± 1.7 a | 78.9 ± 1.4 a | 2.02 ± 0.01 f |
Sample | Thickness (µm) | UTS (MPa) | εmax (mm/mm) | Toughness (kJ/m3) | E (MPa) | DPPH IP (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA ZnO-NPs | 40.2 ± 1.9 b | 1.8 ± 0.1 e | 0.010 ± 0.002 e | 10 f | 180.8 ± 7.8 d | 57.4 ± 5.2 b |
Neat CA | 26.3 ± 0.9 e | 1.1 ± 0.1 f | 0.022 ± 0.001 c | 20 e | 55.1 ± 1.3 f | 37.9 ± 0. 7 d |
CH ZnO-NPs | 50.0 ± 3.4 a | 9.5 ± 0.2 b | 0.031 ± 0.001 d | 260 d | 316.7 ± 9.0 b | 83.5 ± 0.1 a |
Neat CH | 39.3 ± 1.1 b | 8.3 ± 0.4 c | 0.040 ± 0.002 b | 270 c | 207.5 ± 1.7 c | 42.8 ± 1.0 c |
GE ZnO-NPs | 28.9 ± 0.2 c | 9.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.041 ± 0.001 d | 300 b | 225.0 ± 12.5 a | 40.7 ± 1.4 c |
Neat GE | 24.5 ± 1.7 d | 6.7 ± 0.4 d | 0.081 ± 0.012 a | 430 a | 83.8 ± 7.9 e | 24.9 ± 0.3 e |
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Abdullah, J.A.A.; Jiménez-Rosado, M.; Guerrero, A.; Romero, A. Biopolymer-Based Films Reinforced with Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers 2022, 14, 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235202
Abdullah JAA, Jiménez-Rosado M, Guerrero A, Romero A. Biopolymer-Based Films Reinforced with Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers. 2022; 14(23):5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235202
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah, Johar Amin Ahmed, Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado, Antonio Guerrero, and Alberto Romero. 2022. "Biopolymer-Based Films Reinforced with Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles" Polymers 14, no. 23: 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235202