Biosorption Potential of Microbial and Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus Immobilized in Calcium Alginate Matrix for Pharmaceuticals Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Analytical Procedure
2.2. Biosorbent Preparation and Characterization
2.2.1. Synthesis of Biosorbent Containing Saccharomyces pastorianus Dried Biomass
2.2.2. Synthesis of Biosorbent Containing Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus
2.2.3. Biosorbents Characterization (SEM, FTIR, Point of Zero Charge)
2.3. Biosorption Process (pH, Biosorbent Dose, Initial Contaminant Concentration)
2.4. Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms
2.5. Statiscal Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biosorbents Preparation and Characterization
3.2. Impact of pH, Biosorbent Dose and EL Initial Concentration on the Biosorption Process
3.3. Biosorption Kinetics
3.4. Equilibrium Isotherms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kinetic Model | Equation | Parameters Significance 1 |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order | k1 is the pseudo-first-order constant rate, 1/min t is the contact time, min | |
Pseudo-second-order | k2 is the pseudo-second-order constant rate, g/(mg·min) t is the contact time, min | |
Elovich | β is the extent of surface coverage and activation energy for chemisorption, g/mg α is the initial adsorption rate, mg/(g·min) t is the contact time, min | |
Avrami | kAv is the overall rate constant, 1/min nAv is parameter related to the adsorption, dimensionless t is the contact time, min |
Equilibrium Isotherm | Equation | Constants Significance 1 |
---|---|---|
Freundlich | KF is Freundlich constant, (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n n is Freundlich constant, dimensionless | |
Temkin | R is gas constant, R = 8.314 J/(mol K) T is temperature, K KT is Temkin constant, L/mg b is Temkin constant, J/mg | |
Hill | QH is Hill maximum uptake, mg/g KD is Hill constant, L/mg nH is the cooperativity coefficient of the binding interaction, dimensionless | |
Redlich–Peterson | KR is Redlich–Peterson constant, L/g aR is Redlich–Peterson constant, L/mg bR is Redlich–Peterson exponent, dimensionless | |
Sips | QS is Sips maximum uptake, mg/g KS is Sips constant, L/mg BS is Sips exponent, dimensionless | |
Toth | QT is Toth maximum uptake, mg/g aT is Toth constant, L/mg nT is Toth constant, dimensionless |
Statistical Parameter | Mathematical Expression |
---|---|
RMSE | |
MPSD | |
HYBRID | |
χ2 | |
R2 |
Kinetic Model | EL Initial Concentration, mg/L | Kinetic Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qe | k1 | k2 | α | β | kAv | nAv | ||
Pseudo-first-order | 20 | 8.7441 | 0.0072 | - | - | - | - | - |
30 | 12.9952 | 0.0080 | - | - | - | - | - | |
40 | 17.8438 | 0.0082 | - | - | - | - | - | |
50 | 22.7148 | 0.0079 | - | - | - | - | - | |
60 | 26.7650 | 0.0081 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Pseudo-second-order | 20 | 12.5990 | - | 0.0004 | - | - | - | - |
30 | 18.4352 | - | 0.0003 | - | - | - | - | |
40 | 25.2392 | - | 0.0002 | - | - | - | - | |
50 | 32.2967 | - | 0.0001 | - | - | - | - | |
60 | 37.6285 | - | 0.0001 | - | - | - | - | |
Elovich | 20 | - | - | - | 0.0781 | 0.2349 | - | - |
30 | - | - | - | 0.1321 | 0.1636 | - | - | |
40 | - | - | - | 0.1854 | 0.1201 | - | - | |
50 | - | - | - | 0.2773 | 0.0932 | - | - | |
60 | - | - | - | 0.2822 | 0.0818 | - | - | |
Avrami | 20 | 8.7441 | - | - | - | - | 0.0998 | 0.0724 |
30 | 12.9952 | - | - | - | - | 0.0788 | 0.1026 | |
40 | 17.8438 | - | - | - | - | 0.0813 | 0.1010 | |
50 | 22.7148 | - | - | - | - | 0.0911 | 0.0876 | |
60 | 26.6750 | - | - | - | - | 0.0818 | 0.0996 |
Kinetic Model | EL Initial Concentration, mg/L | Kinetic Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qe | k1 | k2 | α | β | kAv | nAv | ||
Pseudo-first-order | 20 | 7.8596 | 0.0108 | - | - | - | - | - |
30 | 12.2111 | 0.1034 | - | - | - | - | - | |
40 | 16.1200 | 0.0108 | - | - | - | - | - | |
50 | 20.4265 | 0.0107 | - | - | - | - | - | |
60 | 20.0882 | 0.0111 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Pseudo-second-order | 20 | 10.5802 | - | 0.0008 | - | - | - | - |
30 | 16.5292 | - | 0.0005 | - | - | - | - | |
40 | 21.5583 | - | 0.0004 | - | - | - | - | |
50 | 27.2783 | - | 0.0003 | - | - | - | - | |
60 | 31.9313 | - | 0.0003 | - | - | - | - | |
Elovich | 20 | - | - | - | 0.1171 | 0.3088 | - | - |
30 | - | - | - | 0.1728 | 0.1961 | - | - | |
40 | - | - | - | 0.2474 | 0.1538 | - | - | |
50 | - | - | - | 0.3147 | 0.1221 | - | - | |
60 | - | - | - | 0.3919 | 0.1059 | - | - | |
Avrami | 20 | 7.8596 | - | - | - | - | 0.0892 | 0.1212 |
30 | 12.2111 | - | - | - | - | 0.0721 | 0.1434 | |
40 | 16.1200 | - | - | - | - | 0.1027 | 0.1055 | |
50 | 20.4265 | - | - | - | - | 0.1238 | 0.0871 | |
60 | 24.0882 | - | - | - | - | 0.1307 | 0.0851 |
Kinetic Model | EL Initial Concentration, mg/L | Statistical Error Function | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | MPSD | HYBRID | Χ2 | R2 | ||
Pseudo-first-order | 20 | 0.1841 | 17.2244 | 1.8257 | 0.3317 | 0.9942 |
30 | 0.1932 | 6.7392 | 1.0871 | 0.2092 | 0.9973 | |
40 | 0.2364 | 5.1621 | 1.0964 | 0.2139 | 0.9979 | |
50 | 0.3155 | 6.0400 | 1.7042 | 0.3290 | 0.9976 | |
60 | 0.5595 | 15.2104 | 7.3399 | 2.0171 | 0.9944 | |
Pseudo-second-order | 20 | 0.1510 | 19.7638 | 1.5343 | 0.2355 | 0.9961 |
30 | 0.1549 | 9.2838 | 1.1011 | 0.1836 | 0.9983 | |
40 | 0.1871 | 4.8811 | 0.8149 | 0.1437 | 0.9986 | |
50 | 0.2474 | 5.8828 | 1.2903 | 0.2207 | 0.9985 | |
60 | 0.4223 | 12.5293 | 4.5434 | 1.2118 | 0.9968 | |
Elovich | 20 | 0.1364 | 23.9650 | 1.7086 | 0.2186 | 0.9968 |
30 | 0.1894 | 13.6630 | 1.9533 | 0.2889 | 0.9974 | |
40 | 0.2487 | 7.9983 | 1.5949 | 0.2557 | 0.9976 | |
50 | 0.3035 | 8.6210 | 2.1413 | 0.3315 | 0.9978 | |
60 | 0.3633 | 10.1217 | 2.9546 | 1.2118 | 0.9976 | |
Avrami | 20 | 0.1841 | 17.7237 | 1.9332 | 0.3317 | 0.9942 |
30 | 0.1932 | 6.9345 | 1.1511 | 0.2093 | 0.9973 | |
40 | 0.2364 | 5.3118 | 1.1610 | 0.2139 | 0.9979 | |
50 | 0.3155 | 6.2151 | 1.8044 | 0.3290 | 0.9976 | |
60 | 0.5595 | 15.6514 | 7.7718 | 2.0171 | 0.9944 |
Kinetic Model | EL Initial Concentration, mg/L | Statistical Error Function | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | MPSD | HYBRID | Χ2 | R2 | ||
Pseudo-first-order | 20 | 0.1294 | 29.7826 | 2.3720 | 0.2648 | 0.9971 |
30 | 0.2273 | 27.5194 | 3.2055 | 0.3819 | 0.9962 | |
40 | 0.3170 | 5.8542 | 1.5394 | 0.2926 | 0.9957 | |
50 | 0.4459 | 6.5103 | 2.5212 | 0.5034 | 0.9946 | |
60 | 0.5538 | 11.1238 | 4.7950 | 1.0813 | 0.9939 | |
Pseudo-second-order | 20 | 0.1393 | 37.4927 | 3.6818 | 0.3536 | 0.9966 |
30 | 0.1722 | 34.5163 | 4.3600 | 0.4102 | 0.9978 | |
40 | 0.1734 | 8.0616 | 1.0131 | 0.1594 | 0.9987 | |
50 | 0.2201 | 4.6546 | 0.7909 | 0.1439 | 0.9987 | |
60 | 0.2696 | 6.9319 | 1.5108 | 0.3230 | 0.9985 | |
Elovich | 20 | 0.2163 | 47.4033 | 6.3809 | 0.5866 | 0.9920 |
30 | 0.2526 | 43.7950 | 7.5420 | 0.6712 | 0.9953 | |
40 | 0.2654 | 14.2927 | 2.8698 | 0.4012 | 0.9970 | |
50 | 0.2665 | 9.4590 | 1.9043 | 0.2899 | 0.9980 | |
60 | 0.2921 | 5.1609 | 1.2527 | 0.2144 | 0.9983 | |
Avrami | 20 | 0.3774 | 148.7241 | 44.2646 | −0.9447 | 0.9971 |
30 | 0.2273 | 28.3171 | 3.3940 | 0.3819 | 0.9962 | |
40 | 0.3170 | 6.0240 | 1.6299 | 0.2926 | 0.9957 | |
50 | 0.4459 | 6.6991 | 2.6695 | 0.5034 | 0.9946 | |
60 | 0.5538 | 11.4463 | 5.0771 | 1.0813 | 0.9939 |
Parameter | Freundlich | Temkin | Hill | Redlich- Peterson | Sips | Toth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KF | 4.5154 | - | - | - | - | - |
n | 0.7476 | - | - | - | - | - |
KT | - | 0.8281 | - | - | - | - |
b | - | 108.2646 | - | - | - | - |
QH | - | - | 96.2335 | - | - | - |
KD | - | - | 24.0381 | - | - | - |
nH | - | - | 1.6712 | - | - | - |
KR | - | - | - | 0.0070 | - | - |
aR | - | - | - | −0.9985 | - | - |
bR | - | - | - | 0.8198 | - | - |
QS | - | - | - | - | 96.2335 | - |
KS | - | - | - | - | 0.1490 | - |
BS | - | - | - | - | 1.6702 | - |
QT | - | - | - | - | - | 6.6691 |
aT | - | - | - | - | - | −0.9415 |
nT | - | - | - | - | - | −0.000003 |
Parameter | Freundlich | Temkin | Hill | Redlich- Peterson | Sips | Toth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KF | 3.2340 | - | - | - | - | - |
n | 0.6937 | - | - | - | - | - |
KT | - | 0.6558 | - | - | - | - |
b | - | 98.6681 | - | - | - | - |
QH | - | - | 0.0008 | - | - | - |
KD | - | - | −0.9998 | - | - | - |
nH | - | - | −0.00006 | - | - | - |
KR | - | - | - | 6.8807 | - | - |
aR | - | - | - | 3.5347 | - | - |
bR | - | - | - | −2.3021 | - | - |
QS | - | - | - | - | 64.2878 | - |
KS | - | - | - | - | 0.1948 | - |
BS | - | - | - | - | 2.0508 | - |
QT | - | - | - | - | - | 5.7159 |
aT | - | - | - | - | - | −0.9286 |
nT | - | - | - | - | - | 0.000006 |
Equilibrium Isotherm Model | Statistical Error Function | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | MPSD | HYBRID | Χ2 | R2 | |
Freundlich | 0.5895 | 2.2028 | 0.9141 | 0.027 | 0.9973 |
Temkin | 0.9787 | 9.3994 | 11.0666 | 0.3417 | 0.9784 |
Hill | 0.2396 | 2.2021 | 0.7805 | 0.0157 | 0.9987 |
Redlich–Peterson | 0.3907 | 3.4869 | 1.9578 | 0.0392 | 0.9965 |
Sips | 0.2396 | 2.2021 | 0.7805 | 0.0157 | 0.9987 |
Toth | 1.5706 | 20.8824 | 48.2691 | 0.8271 | 0.9444 |
Equilibrium Isotherm Model | Statistical Error Function | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | MPSD | HYBRID | Χ2 | R2 | |
Freundlich | 0.5285 | 5.0164 | 3.0804 | 0.0901 | 0.9936 |
Temkin | 0.7386 | 6.2446 | 5.5365 | 0.1646 | 0.9876 |
Hill | 1.3477 | 18.2624 | 35.5931 | 0.6222 | 0.9587 |
Redlich–Peterson | 0.3462 | 2.9609 | 1.5882 | 0.0315 | 0.9972 |
Sips | 0.3447 | 3.1836 | 1.6884 | 0.0336 | 0.9972 |
Toth | 1.9571 | 27.7742 | 79.9008 | 1.2840 | 0.9129 |
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Rusu, L.; Grigoraș, C.-G.; Simion, A.-I.; Suceveanu, E.-M.; Istrate, B.; Harja, M. Biosorption Potential of Microbial and Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus Immobilized in Calcium Alginate Matrix for Pharmaceuticals Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers 2022, 14, 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142855
Rusu L, Grigoraș C-G, Simion A-I, Suceveanu E-M, Istrate B, Harja M. Biosorption Potential of Microbial and Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus Immobilized in Calcium Alginate Matrix for Pharmaceuticals Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142855
Chicago/Turabian StyleRusu, Lăcrămioara, Cristina-Gabriela Grigoraș, Andrei-Ionuț Simion, Elena-Mirela Suceveanu, Bogdan Istrate, and Maria Harja. 2022. "Biosorption Potential of Microbial and Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus Immobilized in Calcium Alginate Matrix for Pharmaceuticals Removal from Aqueous Solutions" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142855