Parameters Influencing Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy-Based Materials during Hygrothermal Ageing—A Review by Statistical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Highlighting material and ageing parameters influencing the diffusion parameters, by box plots and scatter plots;
- The correlation of the different quantitative parameters of the study by PCA;
- The separation of the data into four classified PCAs in order to propose more efficient correlations;
- Evidence of differences between PCA depending on the diffusion model and the type of material (resin or composite);
- Discussion of the limitations of using the diffusion models on epoxy-based materials.
2. Studied Parameters
3. Descriptive Statistics: Study of Dispersion
3.1. Diffusion Behaviour
3.2. Epoxy Prepolymer Type
3.3. Hardener Type
3.4. Fibres Presence
3.5. Manufacturing Process
3.6. Ageing Conditions
3.6.1. Conditioning Environment
3.6.2. Relative Humidity
3.6.3. Temperature
4. Principal Component Analysis
4.1. Principal Component Analysis Introduction
- An acute angle (<90°) between the vectors of individual variables indicates a positive correlation between them;
- A 180° angle between the vectors of individual variables indicates a negative correlation between them;
- Variables whose vectors are orthogonal are not correlated with each other, and are therefore independent.
4.2. Data Standardisation
4.3. Results
4.3.1. Overview
- and are correlated with each other ();
- and are correlated with each other, and are anti-correlated with ,which means they decrease when increases ();
- h and D are correlated with each other ();
4.3.2. Classified PCA
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material Parameters | Ageing Parameters | Diffusion Parameters | |
---|---|---|---|
Qualitative | Prepolymer type | Conditioning | Diffusion behaviour |
Hardener type | |||
Reinforcement type | |||
Fibre architecture | |||
Process | |||
Quantitative | D | ||
h | |||
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
DGEBA based (217) | 1.61 | 0.80 | 5.23 |
DGEBA + mTGAP (3) | 4.44 | 0.16 | 106 |
DGEBA + novolac (3) | 6.37 | 22.30 | 0.50 |
DGEBA + TGDDM (2) | 4.31 | 4.96 | 13.00 |
DGEBD (5) | 6.15 | 0.02 | 17.40 |
DGEBF based (15) | 1.05 | 7.02 | 3.49 |
ESO (11) | 1.75 | 0.18 | 4.67 |
mTGAP (7) | 5.35 | 0.16 | 56.61 |
Novolac (11) | 2.26 | 0.36 | 15.50 |
Rubber-modified epoxy (2) | 3.08 | 8.02 | 0.47 |
TCDAM (1) | 3.84 | 8.02 | 0.47 |
TGDDM (80) | 1.50 | 2.26 | 4.36 |
TGDDM + mTGAP (14) | 2.02 | 1.71 | 6.62 |
Unknown epoxy (89) | 2.64 | 1.69 | 9.07 |
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Aliphatic amine (51) | 2.61 | 1.23 | 8.51 |
Aromatic amine (139) | 2.63 | 1.62 | 5.79 |
Cycloaliphatic amine (14) | 1.81 | 4.32 | 3.15 |
Amidoamine (16) | 1.47 | 0.44 | 9.18 |
Dicyandiamide (61) | 1.59 | 5.24 | 3.46 |
Anhydride acid (42) | 1.01 | 0.87 | 4.42 |
Phenol Novolac (9) | 2.10 | 0.36 | 5.56 |
Unknown amine (71) | 0.79 | 0.28 | 7.33 |
Unknown hardener (57) | 3.20 | 2.92 | 8.57 |
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Aramid (30) | 3.54 | 1.16 | 6.90 |
Carbon (127) | 1.39 | 1.53 | 3.64 |
Flax (7) | 9.82 | 0.60 | 14.20 |
Glass (88) | 0.80 | 0.69 | 3.63 |
Hemp (6) | 13.0 | 4.14 | 9.18 |
Hybrid carbon aramid (1) | 1.62 | 1.30 | 3.52 |
Hybrid carbon glass (7) | 3.33 | 0.04 | 25.92 |
Regenerated cellulose (2) | 7.10 | 6.98 | 13.91 |
None (192) | 2.87 | 1.59 | 6.54 |
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
UD (93) | 1.50 | 1.73 | 3.49 |
2D (94) | 0.95 | 1.51 | 3.99 |
Balanced (47) | 1.80 | 0.12 | 8.68 |
3D (5) | 0.99 | 1.30 | 6.25 |
Long Fibre mat (4) | 17.87 | 1.88 | 9.05 |
Unknown (2) | 2.64 | 3.21 | 4.69 |
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Autoclave (98) | 1.52 | 6.36 | 3.48 |
Contact moulding (9) | 3.41 | 2.07 | 36.60 |
Filament winding (2) | 2.28 | 66.20 | 5.52 |
Heating table (9) | 3.33 | 0.03 | 21.9 |
Infusion (28) | 1.81 | 1.48 | 8.65 |
Moulding (195) | 2.81 | 1.13 | 7.00 |
Pultrusion (1) | 2.80 | 17.5 | 53.5 |
RTM (31) | 0.89 | 0.89 | 7.90 |
Thermopressing (24) | 2.70 | 2.86 | 9.48 |
Unknown (63) | 0.94 | 0.32 | 1.71 |
Name (Individuals Number) | (s/mm ) | D (mm/s ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Humid air (215) | 1.08 | 0.57 | 5.90 |
Inert atmosphere (2) | 2.03 | 3.88 | 24.4 |
Deionised water (20) | 3.09 | 0.89 | 0.95 |
Distilled water (203) | 3.12 | 1.99 | 5.79 |
Sea water (20) | 1.43 | 2.77 | 3.50 |
Material Parameters | Ageing Parameters | Diffusion Parameters |
---|---|---|
Prepolymer type | Conditioning | D |
Hardener type | ||
Reinforcement type | ||
h | ||
Process | ||
Dimension | Eigenvalue | Variance | Cumulative Variance |
---|---|---|---|
Dim 1 | 2.18 | 27.19 | 27.19 |
Dim 2 | 1.55 | 19.39 | 46.58 |
Dim 3 | 1.13 | 14.09 | 60.68 |
Dim 4 | 0.88 | 11.10 | 71.78 |
Dim 5 | 0.86 | 10.73 | 82.52 |
Dim 6 | 0.79 | 9.84 | 92.37 |
Dim 7 | 0.58 | 7.19 | 99.56 |
Dim 8 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 100.00 |
All | Resins, Fick | Composites, Fick | Resins, Dual | Composites, Dual | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual number | 448 | 56 | 98 | 147 | 147 |
Initial variables number | 8 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 12 |
Individual variance of each initial variable | |||||
Min. number of PC for an overview | 6 () | 4 () | 4 () | 5 () | 6 () |
Material Parameters | Ageing Parameters | Diffusion Parameters |
---|---|---|
Prepolymer type | Conditioning | D |
Hardener type | ||
Reinforcement type | ||
Architecture | ||
Fibre orientation | ||
h | ||
Process | K |
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Gillet, C.; Tamssaouet, F.; Hassoune-Rhabbour, B.; Tchalla, T.; Nassiet, V. Parameters Influencing Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy-Based Materials during Hygrothermal Ageing—A Review by Statistical Analysis. Polymers 2022, 14, 2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142832
Gillet C, Tamssaouet F, Hassoune-Rhabbour B, Tchalla T, Nassiet V. Parameters Influencing Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy-Based Materials during Hygrothermal Ageing—A Review by Statistical Analysis. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142832
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillet, Camille, Ferhat Tamssaouet, Bouchra Hassoune-Rhabbour, Tatiana Tchalla, and Valérie Nassiet. 2022. "Parameters Influencing Moisture Diffusion in Epoxy-Based Materials during Hygrothermal Ageing—A Review by Statistical Analysis" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142832