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Polymers
Volume 13
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10.3390/polym13040490
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Article

Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry

by
María Montserrat Cruz-Benítez
1,
Pablo Gónzalez-Morones
2,
Ernesto Hernández-Hernández
2,
José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra
1,
Javier Castro-Rosas
1,
Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
1,
Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido
3,* and
Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa
1,*
1
Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico
2
Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Mexico
3
CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Ing. Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(4), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490
Submission received: 5 January 2021 / Revised: 30 January 2021 / Accepted: 1 February 2021 / Published: 4 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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Abstract

In this work, we report the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) nanohybrids with starch, fructose, and micro-cellulose molecules by sonication in an aqueous medium at 90 °C and a short reaction time (30 min). The final product was washed with solvents to extract the nanohybrids and separate them from the organic molecules not grafted onto the GO surface. Nanohybrids were chemically characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy and analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These results indicate that the ultrasound energy promoted a chemical reaction between GO and the organic molecules in a short time (30 min). The chemical characterization of these nanohybrids confirms their covalent bond, obtaining a grafting percentage above 40% the weight in these nanohybrids. This hybridization creates nanometric and millimetric nanohybrid particles. In addition, the grafted organic molecules can be crystallized on GO films. Interference in the ultrasound waves of starch hybrids is due to the increase in viscosity, leading to a partial hybridization of GO with starch.
Keywords: nanohybrids; graphene oxide; organic molecules; sonication; ultrasound nanohybrids; graphene oxide; organic molecules; sonication; ultrasound
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cruz-Benítez, M.M.; Gónzalez-Morones, P.; Hernández-Hernández, E.; Villagómez-Ibarra, J.R.; Castro-Rosas, J.; Rangel-Vargas, E.; Fonseca-Florido, H.A.; Gómez-Aldapa, C.A. Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers 2021, 13, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490

AMA Style

Cruz-Benítez MM, Gónzalez-Morones P, Hernández-Hernández E, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Castro-Rosas J, Rangel-Vargas E, Fonseca-Florido HA, Gómez-Aldapa CA. Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers. 2021; 13(4):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cruz-Benítez, María Montserrat, Pablo Gónzalez-Morones, Ernesto Hernández-Hernández, José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra, Javier Castro-Rosas, Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas, Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido, and Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa. 2021. "Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry" Polymers 13, no. 4: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490

APA Style

Cruz-Benítez, M. M., Gónzalez-Morones, P., Hernández-Hernández, E., Villagómez-Ibarra, J. R., Castro-Rosas, J., Rangel-Vargas, E., Fonseca-Florido, H. A., & Gómez-Aldapa, C. A. (2021). Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers, 13(4), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490

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