FFF 3D Printing in Electronic Applications: Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Selected Polymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Emerging Applications of FFF 3D Printing for Electronics
2.1. Smart Textiles
2.2. Structural Electronics
2.3. Devices for Wireless Communication and High-Frequency Circuits
2.4. Devices with Intended Usage in Explosive Atmospheress
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. 3D Printing
3.3. Simultaneous Thermal Analysis
3.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.5. Measurement of Dielectric Strength
3.6. Measurement of Resistivity
3.7. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Thermal Properties
4.2. Standardized Tests of Dielectric Properties
4.3. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Material | Color | Manufacturer | Price per 1 kg (USD) 1 | Print Temperatures (°C) 1st Layer/Subsequent Layers | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hotend | Bed | |||||
1 | ABS-T | Transparent | Filament PM (Chudobin, CZ) | 27 | 255/255 | 100/110 |
2 | ABS with carbon fibers (ABS-CF) | Black | Kimya (Nantes, FR) | 135 | 260/260 | 100/100 |
3 | ABS with aramid fibers (ABS-AF) | Black | Kimya | 135 | 260/260 | 100/100 |
4 | ABS ESD | Black | Smartfil (Alcalá la Real, ES) | 70 | 260/260 | 100/100 |
5 | ASA | Galaxy black | Prusa polymers (Prusa Research, Prague, CZ) | 38 | 260/260 | 105/110 |
6 | Copolyester XT (cPEST) | Black | ColorFabb (Belfeld, NL) | 63 | 260/270 | 90/90 |
7 | Copolyester with carbon fibers XT-CF20 (cPEST-CF) | Black | ColorFabb | 79 | 260/260 | 90/90 |
8 | PC/ABS | White | Fillamentum (Hulin, CZ) | 74 | 275/275 | 110/115 |
9 | PC | Natural | Prusa polymers | 63 | 275/275 | 110/115 |
10 | PETG | Transparent | Filament PM | 27 | 230/240 | 85/90 |
11 | PETG | Urban gray | Prusa polymers | 32 | 240/250 | 85/90 |
12 | Recycled PETG (rPETG) | Blue | EkoMB (Tabor, CZ) | 20 | 240/250 | 85/90 |
13 | Recycled PETG | Milk white | EkoMB | 20 | 240/250 | 85/90 |
14 | PP 2320 (PP) | White | Fillamentum | 84 | 235/235 | 60/60 |
15 | PLA | Azure blue | Prusa polymers | 27 | 210/215 | 60/60 |
16 | PLA | Galaxy black | Prusa polymers | 27 | 210/215 | 60/60 |
17 | PLA | Red | Creality (Hong Kong, CN) | 18 | 210/210 | 60/60 |
18 | Nylon FX256 (PA12) | Blue | Fillamentum | 82 | 250/250 | 90/90 |
19 | TPU 98A | Luminous green | Fillamentum | 81 | 240/240 | 50/50 |
20 | TPE 88A | Transparent | Filament PM | 78 | 230/230 | 60/60 |
21 | TPE 85A | White | Verbatim (Charlotte, NC, USA) | 99 | 240/240 | 50/50 |
22 | TPE 32D | Nature | Filament PM | 78 | 220/220 | 65/65 |
23 | TPEE 40D | White | Filatech (Al Hamra Island, RAK, UAE) | 52 | 230/230 | 50/50 |
24 | Vinyl 303 (PVC) | Natural | Fillamentum | 66 | 230/230 | 80/80 |
No. | Material | Tg (°C) | Tm (°C) | Tox (°C) | No. | Material | Tg (°C) | Tm (°C) | Tox (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ABS-T | 107.5 | - | 351 | 13 | rPETG | 78.9 | - | 353 |
2 | ABS-CF | 100.2/110.3 | - | 302 | 14 | PP | - | 165.5 | 239 |
3 | ABS-AF | 100.1/111.2 | - | 336 | 15 | PLA | 59.7 | 150.6 | 267 |
4 | ABS ESD | 109.1/125.8 | - | 384 | 16 | PLA | 60.0 | 149.6 | 257 |
5 | ASA | 103.7 | - | 332 | 17 | PLA | 60.5 | 164.6 | 263 |
6 | cPEST | 80.9 | - | 341 | 18 | PA12 | - | 178.0 | 327 |
7 | cPEST-CF | 81.4 | - | 356 | 19 | TPU 98A | - | 195.8 | 322 |
8 | PC/ABS | 117.1/143.3 | - | 337 | 20 | TPE 88A | - | 155.2 | 238 |
9 | PC | 147.5 | - | 324 | 21 | TPE 85A | - | 184.5 | 226 |
10 | PETG | 81.2 | - | 376 | 22 | TPE 32D | - | 157.1 | 249 |
11 | PETG | 78.7 | - | 368 | 23 | TPEE 40D | - | 158.8 | 224 |
12 | rPETG | 78.1 | - | 347 | 24 | PVC | 75.7 | - | 265 |
No. | Material | Ep (kV/mm) | ρv (Ω.cm) | ρs (Ω) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | ||
1 | ABS-T | 18.37 | 4.05 | 6.02 × 1017 | 1.14 × 1018 | 1.06 × 1017 | 1.38 × 1018 |
2 | ABS-CF | 9.32 | 1.59 | 1.71 × 1017 | 2.57 × 1017 | 1.02 × 1016 | 2.07 × 1016 |
3 | ABS-AF | 12.16 | 2.09 | 9.76 × 1016 | 1.05 × 1017 | 1.84 × 1015 | 5.17 × 1016 |
4 | ABS ESD | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | 3.58 × 108 | 4.80 × 108 | 4.38 × 108 | 2.07 × 109 |
5 | ASA | 11.51 | 2.04 | 5.03 × 1016 | 9.27 × 1016 | 9.22 × 1016 | 3.42 × 1017 |
6 | cPEST | 22.73 | 2.08 | 6.85 × 1016 | 7.25 × 1016 | 1.99 × 1016 | 6.90 × 1017 |
7 | cPEST-CF | 6.75 | 0.67 | 2.21 × 1017 | 4.79 × 1017 | 2.10 × 1016 | 9.20 × 1016 |
8 | PC/ABS | 20.67 | 4.85 | 4.74 × 1017 | 5.78 × 1017 | 4.94 × 1016 | 5.80 × 1016 |
9 | PC | 14.78 | 2.54 | 6.40 × 1017 | 6.97 × 1017 | 2.82 × 1016 | 5.10 × 1017 |
10 | PETG | 13.49 | 4.43 | 5.89 × 1016 | 2.19 × 1017 | 2.40 × 1016 | 1.89 × 1017 |
11 | PETG | 15.18 | 1.66 | 2.03 × 1017 | 3.86 × 1017 | 3.51 × 1017 | 6.50 × 1017 |
12 | rPETG | 19.76 | 2.65 | 4.85 × 1017 | 1.45 × 1018 | 1.15 × 1015 | 5.64 × 1015 |
13 | rPETG | 13.91 | 2.52 | 1.67 × 1017 | 1.31 × 1018 | 1.46 × 1016 | 4.55 × 1016 |
14 | PP | 17.68 | 0.78 | 3.56 × 1015 | 5.43 × 1016 | 1.15 × 1017 | 5.31 × 1017 |
15 | PLA | 13.38 | 1.24 | 6.25 × 1016 | 1.73 × 1017 | 4.55 × 1015 | 4.12 × 1016 |
16 | PLA | 7.70 | 1.26 | 2.15 × 1016 | 2.01 × 1017 | 2.60 × 1015 | 2.52 × 1016 |
17 | PLA | 9.61 | 0.77 | 7.86 × 1016 | 1.19 × 1017 | 6.40 × 1015 | 7.42 × 1015 |
18 | PA12 | 32.61 | 1.53 | 1.96 × 1015 | 2.02 × 1015 | 1.55 × 1016 | 4.90 × 1016 |
19 | TPU 98A | 23.13 | 1.50 | 4.66 × 1013 | 2.34 × 1014 | 2.88 × 1015 | 9.27 × 1015 |
20 | TPE 88A | 41.52 | 2.22 | 1.20 × 1016 | 1.12 × 1017 | 2.36 × 1017 | 2.01 × 1018 |
21 | TPE 85A | 22.30 | 1.67 | 5.34 × 1012 | 3.27 × 1013 | 7.08 × 1014 | 1.21 × 1015 |
22 | TPE 32D | 36.09 | 2.17 | 1.39 × 1017 | 3.60 × 1017 | 1.91 × 1017 | 3.03 × 1018 |
23 | TPEE 40D | 22.32 | 1.65 | 4.57 × 1014 | 5.92 × 1014 | 3.87 × 1015 | 3.88 × 1016 |
24 | PVC | 22.98 | 3.76 | 7.72 × 1016 | 1.25 × 1017 | 1.23 × 1016 | 1.54 × 1017 |
No. | Material | ε’ (-) | ε” (-) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 140 kHz | 847 kHz | 50 Hz | 140 kHz | 847 kHz | ||
1 | ABS-T | 2.65 | 2.47 | 2.44 | 4.38 × 10−2 | 3.10 × 10−2 | 2.91 × 10−2 |
2 | ABS-CF | 3.00 | 2.83 | 2.73 | 1.71 × 10−2 | 7.32 × 10−2 | 8.51 × 10−2 |
3 | ABS-AF | 2.61 | 2.52 | 2.49 | 1.25 × 10−2 | 2.67 × 10−2 | 2.75 × 10−2 |
4 | ABS ESD | 115.58 | 77.84 | 53.54 | 9.92 × 104 | 5.73 × 101 | 2.57 × 101 |
5 | ASA | 3.22 | 3.08 | 3.02 | 5.90 × 10−2 | 3.98 × 10−2 | 5.23 × 10−2 |
6 | cPEST | 3.24 | 3.09 | 3.00 | 4.71 × 10−3 | 6.74 × 10−2 | 7.12 × 10−2 |
7 | cPEST-CF | 4.70 | 4.45 | 4.32 | 1.36 × 10−2 | 1.03 × 10−1 | 1.10 × 10−1 |
8 | PC/ABS | 2.68 | 2.62 | 2.60 | 1.02 × 10−2 | 1.66 × 10−2 | 1.85 × 10−2 |
9 | PC | 2.73 | 2.70 | 2.67 | 1.36 × 10−3 | 1.95 × 10−2 | 3.16 × 10−2 |
10 | PETG | 2.88 | 2.76 | 2.69 | 4.42 × 10−3 | 5.38 × 10−2 | 5.72 × 10−2 |
11 | PETG | 3.28 | 3.14 | 3.05 | 4.66 × 10−3 | 6.66 × 10−2 | 7.17 × 10−2 |
12 | rPETG | 3.12 | 2.99 | 2.91 | 4.54 × 10−3 | 6.11 × 10−2 | 6.44 × 10−2 |
13 | rPETG | 3.10 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 5.55 × 10−3 | 6.10 × 10−2 | 6.36 × 10−2 |
14 | PP | 2.13 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 3.61 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−3 | 1.42 × 10−4 |
15 | PLA | 2.65 | 2.57 | 2.54 | 1.37 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−2 | 2.03 × 10−2 |
16 | PLA | 2.73 | 2.66 | 2.64 | 1.09 × 10−2 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 2.13 × 10−2 |
17 | PLA | 2.76 | 2.69 | 2.66 | 1.15 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−2 |
18 | PA12 | 4.27 | 3.05 | 2.90 | 2.82 × 10−1 | 1.48 × 10−1 | 1.02 × 10−1 |
19 | TPU 98A | 5.54 | 4.38 | 4.10 | 2.19 × 10−1 | 2.36 × 10−1 | 2.37 × 10−1 |
20 | TPE 88A | 2.22 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 6.31 × 10−3 | 1.15 × 10−3 | 4.58 × 10−4 |
21 | TPE 85A | 4.82 | 4.65 | 4.58 | 9.62 × 10−2 | 4.69 × 10−2 | 7.46 × 10−2 |
22 | TPE 32D | 2.49 | 2.48 | 2.48 | 1.70 × 10−3 | 1.01 × 10−3 | 2.03 × 10−4 |
23 | TPEE 40D | 4.38 | 4.18 | 4.04 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 9.92 × 10−2 | 1.58 × 10−1 |
24 | PVC | 3.35 | 2.98 | 2.90 | 4.75 × 10−2 | 7.72 × 10−2 | 6.13 × 10−2 |
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Kalaš, D.; Šíma, K.; Kadlec, P.; Polanský, R.; Soukup, R.; Řeboun, J.; Hamáček, A. FFF 3D Printing in Electronic Applications: Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Selected Polymers. Polymers 2021, 13, 3702. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213702
Kalaš D, Šíma K, Kadlec P, Polanský R, Soukup R, Řeboun J, Hamáček A. FFF 3D Printing in Electronic Applications: Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Selected Polymers. Polymers. 2021; 13(21):3702. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213702
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalaš, David, Karel Šíma, Petr Kadlec, Radek Polanský, Radek Soukup, Jan Řeboun, and Aleš Hamáček. 2021. "FFF 3D Printing in Electronic Applications: Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Selected Polymers" Polymers 13, no. 21: 3702. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213702