3D Printing at Micro-Level: Laser-Induced Forward Transfer and Two-Photon Polymerization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A three-dimensional model is generated using CAD software.
- This CAD model is converted generally into “.STL” format.
- Various layers having thin cross-sections are produced from step (ii). This step is also known as slicing.
- The 3D part is manufactured via computerized numerical control (CNC) codes attained from step (iii).
2. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
2.1. Various LIFT Methods
2.2. LIFT: Flyer Velocity and Shock-Wave Formation
- (a)
- Bound heat-diffusion within the substrate to dodge the impairment and to generate the molten fragments.
- (b)
- A significant portion of laser energy used to fracture the substrate and hold the pixel speed for a short time interval to confirm the pixel’s flat arrival at the receiver.
- (c)
- In the case of particular materials, the femto-second (fs)-laser permits the regulation of this energy distribution.
2.3. Various Materials Printed by LIFT and Their Properties
2.4. Applications of LIFT: Organics, Electronics, and Sensors
3. Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP)
3.1. Overview of TPP Mechanism and It’s Difference with Single-Photon Polymerization (SPP)
3.2. Laser Damage in TPP: Proximity Effect
3.3. TPP Printing Resolution
3.4. Materials Printed by TPP and Their Properties
3.4.1. Mechanical Characteristics and Bonding Strength
- (a)
- An approximately theoretical grading of mechanical strength and stiffness with comparative density, which outperforms present non-hierarchical nano-lattices.
- (b)
- Recover-ability, with alumina specimens recuperating up to 98% of their initial height after compression up to ≥50% strain.
- (c)
- Suppression of brittle catastrophe and structural uncertainties in ceramic classified nano-lattices.
- (d)
- A variety of distortion mechanisms that can be adjusted by altering the beams’ slenderness ratios.
3.4.2. Other Properties: Surface Tension, Volume Shrinkage and Optical
3.5. Applications of TPP
3.5.1. Medical
3.5.2. Microfluidics
3.5.3. Tissue Regeneration
4. Future Outlook and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lewis, J.A.; Gratson, G.M. Direct writing in three dimensions. Mater. Today 2004, 7, 32–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hon, K.K.B.; Li, L.; Hutchings, I.M. Direct writing technology—Advances and developments. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 2008, 57, 601–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaezi, M.; Seitz, H.; Yang, S. A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2013, 67, 1721–1754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, C.B.; Piqué, A. Laser direct-write processing. MRS Bull. 2007, 32, 9–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kruth, J.P.; Mercelis, P.; Van Vaerenbergh, J.; Froyen, L.; Rombouts, M. Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2005, 11, 26–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kathuria, Y.P. Microstructuring by selective laser sintering of metallic powder. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1999, 116–119, 643–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antonov, E.N.; Bagratashvili, V.N.; Whitaker, M.J.; Barry, J.J.A.; Shakesheff, K.M.; Konovalov, A.N.; Popov, V.K.; Howdle, S.M. Three-Dimensional Bioactive and Biodegradable Scaffolds Fabricated by Surface-Selective Laser Sintering. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 327–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melchels, F.P.W.; Feijen, J.; Grijpma, D.W. A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 6121–6130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nagel, M.; Lippert, T. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for the Fabrication of Devices. In Nanomaterials: Processing and Characterization with Lasers; Zeng, H., Guo, C., Cai, W., Singh, S.C., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012; pp. 255–316. [Google Scholar]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Schlie, S.; Ngezahayo, A.; Haverich, A.; Chichkov, B.N. Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2007, 1, 443–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmood, M.A.; Popescu, A.C.; Mihailescu, I.N. Metal Matrix Composites Synthesized by Laser-Melting Deposition: A Review. Materials 2020, 13, 2593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohandy, J.; Kim, B.F.; Adrian, F.J. Metal deposition from a supported metal film using an excimer laser. J. Appl. Phys. 1986, 60, 1538–1539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dinca, V.; Fardel, R.; Shaw-Stewart, J.; Di Pietrantonio, F.; Cannatà, D.; Benetti, M.; Verona, E.; Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinescu, M.; Lippert, T. Laser-induced forward transfer: An approach to single-step polymer microsensor fabrication. Sens. Lett. 2010, 8, 436–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.C.; Zeng, H.; Guo, C.; Cai, W. (Eds.) Nanomaterials; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2012; ISBN 9783527646821. [Google Scholar]
- Arnold, C.B.; Serra, P.; Piqué, A. Laser direct-write techniques for printing of complex materials. MRS Bull. 2007, 32, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karnakis, D.M.; Lippert, T.; Ichinose, N.; Kawanishi, S.; Fukumura, H. Laser induced molecular transfer using ablation of a triazeno-polymer. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1998, 127, 781–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duocastella, M.; Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Morenza, J.L.; Serra, P. Time-resolved imaging of the laser forward transfer of liquids. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 084907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Serra, P.; Colina, M.; Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Sevilla, L.; Morenza, J.L. Preparation of functional DNA microarrays through laser-induced forward transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 1639–1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinca, V.; Luculescu, C.; Shaw-Stewart, J.; Nagel, M.; Lippert, T.; Dinescu, M. Laser induced forward transfer of soft materials. J. Opt. 2010, 12, 124014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, B.; Alloncle, A.P.; Delaporte, P.; Sentis, M.; Sanaur, S.; Barret, M.; Collot, P. Experimental investigations of laser-induced forward transfer process of organic thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007, 254, 1206–1210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doraiswamy, A.; Narayan, R.J.; Lippert, T.; Urech, L.; Wokaun, A.; Nagel, M.; Hopp, B.; Dinescu, M.; Modi, R.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; et al. Excimer laser forward transfer of mammalian cells using a novel triazene absorbing layer. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2006, 252, 4743–4747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zergioti, I.; Karaiskou, A.; Papazoglou, D.G.; Fotakis, C.; Kapsetaki, M.; Kafetzopoulos, D. Time resolved schlieren study of sub-pecosecond and nanosecond laser transfer of biomaterials. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2005, 247, 584–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaur, K.S.; Subramanian, A.Z.; Banks, D.P.; Feinaeugle, M.; Ying, C.Y.J.; Sones, C.L.; Mailis, S.; Eason, R.W. Waveguide mode filter fabricated using laser-induced forward transfer. In Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1–6 May 2011; Optical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA, 2011; Volume 37, pp. 2301–2308. [Google Scholar]
- Koundourakis, G.; Rockstuhl, C.; Papazoglou, D.; Klini, A.; Zergioti, I.; Vainos, N.A.; Fotakis, C. Laser printing of active optical microstructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 868–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinescu, M.; Wokaun, A.; Lippert, T. Laser-induced forward transfer of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2014, 117, 371–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papazoglou, S.; Raptis, Y.S.; Chatzandroulis, S.; Zergioti, I. A study on the pulsed laser printing of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene for organic electronics. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2014, 117, 301–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinca, V.; Paraico, I.; Moldovan, A.; Shaw-Stewart, J.; Schneider, C.W.; Kovacs, E.; Lippert, T.; Dinescu, M. Microfabrication of polystyrene microbead arrays by laser induced forward transfer. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 033111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kononenko, T.V.; Alloncle, P.; Konov, V.I.; Sentis, M. Laser transfer of diamond nanopowder induced by metal film blistering. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2009, 94, 531–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, Y.; Zenou, M.; Dolev, O.; Kotler, Z. Temporal pulse shaping for smoothing of printed metal surfaces. Opt. Eng. 2015, 54, 011010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacob, J.A.G.; Mills, B.; Feinaeugle, M.; Sones, C.L.; Oosterhuis, G.; Hoppenbrouwers, M.B.; Eason, R.W. Micron-scale copper wires printed using femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer with automated donor replenishment. Opt. Mater. Express 2013, 3, 747–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rapp, L.; Ailuno, J.; Alloncle, A.P.; Delaporte, P. Pulsed-laser printing of silver nanoparticles ink: Control of morphological properties. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 21563–21574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutopoulos, C.; Kalpyris, I.; Serpetzoglou, E.; Zergioti, I. Laser-induced forward transfer of silver nanoparticle ink: Time-resolved imaging of the jetting dynamics and correlation with the printing quality. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2014, 16, 493–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; Lee, S.H.; Huston, A.L.; Piqué, A. Laser forward transfer of silver electrodes for organic thin-film transistors. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2009, 96, 441–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Florian, C.; Caballero-Lucas, F.; Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Artigas, R.; Ogier, S.; Karnakis, D.; Serra, P. Conductive silver ink printing through the laser-induced forward transfer technique. App. Surf. Sci. 2015, 336, 304–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, L.; Nénon, S.; Alloncle, A.P.; Videlot-Ackermann, C.; Fages, F.; Delaporte, P. Multilayer laser printing for organic thin film transistors. App. Surf. Sci. 2011, 257, 5152–5155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw-Stewart, J.; Lippert, T.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.; Wokaun, A. Laser-induced forward transfer of polymer light-emitting diode pixels with increased charge injection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delaporte, P.; Ainsebaa, A.; Alloncle, A.-P.; Benetti, M.; Boutopoulos, C.; Cannata, D.; Di Pietrantonio, F.; Dinca, V.; Dinescu, M.; Dutroncy, J.; et al. Applications of laser printing for organic electronics. In Proceedings of the Laser Applications in Microelectronic and Optoelectronic Manufacturing (LAMOM) XVIII, San Francisco, CA, USA, 29 March 2013; Xu, X., Hennig, G., Nakata, Y., Roth, S.W., Eds.; SPIE: Washington, DC, USA, 2013; Volume 8607, p. 86070Z. [Google Scholar]
- Rapp, L.; Diallo, A.K.; Alloncle, A.P.; Videlot-Ackermann, C.; Fages, F.; Delaporte, P. Pulsed-laser printing of organic thin-film transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 171109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, L.; Serein-Spirau, F.; Lère-Porte, J.P.; Alloncle, A.P.; Delaporte, P.; Fages, F.; Videlot-Ackermann, C. Laser printing of air-stable high performing organic thin film transistors. Org. Electron. 2012, 13, 2035–2041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makrygianni, M.; Verrelli, E.; Boukos, N.; Chatzandroulis, S.; Tsoukalas, D.; Zergioti, I. Laser printing and characterization of semiconducting polymers for organic electronics. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2013, 110, 559–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kattamis, N.T.; McDaniel, N.D.; Bernhard, S.; Arnold, C.B. Ambient laser direct-write printing of a patterned organo-metallic electroluminescent device. Org. Electron. 2011, 12, 1152–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skardal, A.; Atala, A. Biomaterials for integration with 3-D bioprinting. Anna. Biomed. Eng. 2014, 43, 730–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fardel, R.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.; Lippert, T.; Wokaun, A. Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 061103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; Kim, H.; Charipar, N.A.; Piqué, A. Three-dimensional printing of interconnects by laser direct-write of silver nanopastes. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4462–4466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birnbaum, A.J.; Kim, H.; Charipar, N.A.; Piqué, A. Laser printing of multi-layered polymer/metal heterostructures for electronic and MEMS devices. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2010, 99, 711–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutopoulos, C.; Touloupakis, E.; Pezzotti, I.; Giardi, M.T.; Zergioti, I. Direct laser immobilization of photosynthetic material on screen printed electrodes for amperometric biosensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 093703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Pietrantonio, F.; Benetti, M.; Cannatà, D.; Verona, E.; Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinca, V.; Dinescu, M.; Mattle, T.; Lippert, T. Volatile toxic compound detection by surface acoustic wave sensor array coated with chemoselective polymers deposited by laser induced forward transfer: Application to sarin. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2012, 174, 158–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsuboi, Y.; Furuhata, Y.; Kitamura, N. A sensor for adenosine triphosphate fabricated by laser-induced forward transfer of luciferase onto a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007, 253, 8422–8427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palla-Papavlu, A.; Patrascioiu, A.; Di Pietrantonio, F.; Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Cannatà, D.; Benetti, M.; D’Auria, S.; Verona, E.; Serra, P. Preparation of surface acoustic wave odor sensors by laser-induced forward transfer. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 192, 369–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Catros, S.; Fricain, J.C.; Guillotin, B.; Pippenger, B.; Bareille, R.; Remy, M.; Lebraud, E.; Desbat, B.; Amédée, J.; Guillemot, F. Laser-assisted bioprinting for creating on-demand patterns of human osteoprogenitor cells and nano-hydroxyapatite. Biofabrication 2011, 3, 025001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keriquel, V.; Oliveria, H.; Remy, M.; Ziane, S.; Delmond, S.; Rousseau, B.; Rey, S.; Cetros, S.; Amedee, J.; Guillemot, F.; et al. In situe printing of mesenchymal stromal cells, by laser-assisted bioprinting, for in vivo bone regeneration applications. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 1778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toet, D.; Smith, P.E.; Sigmon, T.W. Spatially selective materials deposition by hydrogen-assisted laser-induced transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toet, D. Laser-assisted transfer of silicon by explosive hydrogen release. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 74, 2170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pique, A.; Chrisey, D.B. Direct-Write Technologies for Rapid Prototyping Applications: Sensors, Electronics, and Integrated Power Sources; Elsevier: Washington, DC, USA, 2001; ISBN 9780080504643. [Google Scholar]
- Class Definition for Class 523-Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers—Part of the Class 520 Series. Available online: https://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspc523/defs523.htm (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Wolk, M.B.; Baude, P.F.; Florczak, J.M.; Mccormick, F.B.; Hsu, Y. Thermal Transfer Element for Forming Multilayer Devices. W0/2000/041892. 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Fardel, R.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.; Lippert, T.; Wokaun, A. Shadowgraphy investigation of laser-induced forward transfer: Front side and back side ablation of the triazene polymer sacrificial layer. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2009, 255, 5430–5434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feinaeugle, M.; Alloncle, A.P.; Delaporte, P.; Sones, C.L.; Eason, R.W. Time-resolved shadowgraph imaging of femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer of solid materials. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258, 8475–8483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fardel, R.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.; Lippert, T.; Wokaun, A. Laser-induced forward transfer of organic LED building blocks studied by time-resolved shadowgraphy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 5617–5636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw-Stewart, J.; Chu, B.; Lippert, T.; Maniglio, Y.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.; Wokaun, A. Improved laser-induced forward transfer of organic semiconductor thin films by reducing the environmental pressure and controlling the substrate-substrate gap width. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2011, 105, 713–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, L.; Constantinescu, C.; Larmande, Y.; Alloncle, A.P.; Delaporte, P. Smart beam shaping for the deposition of solid polymeric material by laser forward transfer. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2014, 117, 333–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, L.; Constantinescu, C.; Larmande, Y.; Diallo, A.K.; Videlot-Ackermann, C.; Delaporte, P.; Alloncle, A.P. Functional multilayered capacitor pixels printed by picosecond laser-induced forward transfer using a smart beam shaping technique. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2015, 224, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Wang, Y.; Cao, L.; Xie, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, W.; Wang, S.; Han, Z.; Zhu, X.; et al. Fabrication of periodical micro-stripe structure of polyimide by laser interference induced forward transfer technique. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 541, 148466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palla-Papavlu, A.; Paraico, I.; Shaw-Stewart, J.; Dinca, V.; Savopol, T.; Kovacs, E.; Lippert, T.; Wokaun, A.; Dinescu, M. Liposome micropatterning based on laser-induced forward transfer. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2011, 102, 651–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutopoulos, C.; Pandis, C.; Giannakopoulos, K.; Pissis, P.; Zergioti, I. Polymer/carbon nanotube composite patterns via laser induced forward transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 041104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dinca, V.; Palla-Papavlu, A.; Dinescu, M.; Shaw Stewart, J.; Lippert, T.K.; Di Pietrantonio, F.; Cannata, D.; Benetti, M.; Verona, E. Polymer pixel enhancement by laser-induced forward transfer for sensor applications. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2010, 101, 559–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feinaeugle, M.; Sones, C.L.; Koukharenko, E.; Eason, R.W. Fabrication of a thermoelectric generator on a polymer-coated substrate via laser-induced forward transfer of chalcogenide thin films. Smart Mater. Struct. 2013, 22, 115023–115030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw-Stewart, J.; Fardel, R.; Rapp, L.; Stewart, J.S.; Fardel, R.; Nagel, M.; Delaporte, P.; Rapp, L.; Cibert, C.; Alloncle, A.-P.; et al. The effect of laser pulse length upon laser-induced forward transfer using a trazene polymer as dynamic release layer. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 2010, 12, 605–609. [Google Scholar]
- Karnakis, D.M.; Ichinose, N.; Kawanishi, S.; Fukumura, H. Excimer laser implantation of pyrene molecules in a solid polymer. In Proceedings of the 1998 International Symposium on Information Theory, CLEO/EUROPE’98, Glasgow, Scotland, 14–18 September 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Nakata, Y.; Okada, T.; Maeda, M. Transfer of laser dye by laser-induced forward transfer. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 Lett. 2002, 41, L839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blanchet, G.B.; Fincher, C.R.; Gao, F. Polyaniline nanotube composites: A high-resolution printable conductor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 1290–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blancheta, G.B.; Loo, Y.L.; Rogers, J.A.; Gao, F.; Fincher, C.R. Large area, high resolution, dry printing of conducting polymers for organic electronics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 463–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piqué, A.; Arnold, C.B.; Kim, H.; Ollinger, M.; Sutto, T.E. Rapid prototyping of micropower sources by laser direct-write. In Proceedings of the Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2004; Volume 79, pp. 783–786. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, A.K.; Narayan, R.J. Liquid-Phase Laser Induced Forward Transfer for Complex Organic Inks and Tissue Engineering. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 45, 84–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackanos, M.A.; Larabi, M.; Shinde, R.; Simanovskii, D.M.; Guccione, S.; Contag, C.H. Laser-induced disruption of systemically administered liposomes for targeted drug delivery. J. Biomed. Opt. 2009, 14, 044009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zergioti, I.; Karaiskou, A.; Papazoglou, D.G.; Fotakis, C.; Kapsetaki, M.; Kafetzopoulos, D. Femtosecond laser microprinting of biomaterials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barron, J.A.; Wu, P.; Ladouceur, H.D.; Ringeisen, B.R. Biological laser printing: A novel technique for creating heterogeneous 3-dimensional cell patterns. Biomed. Microdevices 2004, 6, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serra, P.; Piqué, A. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2019, 4, 1800099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mezel, C.; Souquet, A.; Hallo, L.; Guillemot, F. Bioprinting by laser-induced forward transfer for tissue engineering applications: Jet formation modeling. Biofabrication 2010, 2, 014103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guillotin, B.; Souquet, A.; Catros, S.; Duocastella, M.; Pippenger, B.; Bellance, S.; Bareille, R.; Rémy, M.; Bordenave, L.; Amédée j, J.; et al. Laser assisted bioprinting of engineered tissue with high cell density and microscale organization. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 7250–7256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ali, M.; Pages, E.; Ducom, A.; Fontaine, A.; Guillemot, F. Controlling laser-induced jet formation for bioprinting mesenchymal stem cells with high viability and high resolution. Biofabrication 2014, 6, 045001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michael, S.; Sorg, H.; Peck, C.-T.; Koch, L.; Deiwick, A.; Chichkov, B.; Vogt, P.M.; Reimers, K. Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes Created by Laser-Assisted Bioprinting Form Skin-Like Structures in the Dorsal Skin Fold Chamber in Mice. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e57741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papazoglou, S.; Zergioti, I. Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) of nano-micro patterns for sensor applications. Microelectron. Eng. 2017, 182, 25–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, L.; Diallo, A.K.; Nénon, S.; Alloncle, A.P.; Videlot-Ackermann, C.; Fages, F.; Nagel, M.; Lippert, T.; Delaporte, P. Laser printing of a semiconducting oligomer as active layer in organic thin film transistors: Impact of a protecting triazene layer. Thin Solid Film. 2012, 520, 3043–3047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw-Stewart, J.R.H.; Mattle, T.; Lippert, T.K.; Nagel, M.; Nüesch, F.A.; Wokaun, A. The fabrication of small molecule organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-induced forward transfer. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 113, 043104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Touloupakis, E.; Boutopoulos, C.; Buonasera, K.; Zergioti, I.; Giardi, M.T. A photosynthetic biosensor with enhanced electron transfer generation realized by laser printing technology. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 402, 3237–3244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karaiskou, A.; Zergioti, I.; Fotakis, C.; Kapsetaki, M.; Kafetzopoulos, D. Microfabrication of biomaterials by the sub-ps laser-induced forward transfer process. In Proceedings of the Applied Surface Science; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003; Volume 208–209, pp. 245–249. [Google Scholar]
- Toet, D.; Thompson, M.O.; Smith, P.M.; Carey, P.G.; Sigmon, T.W. Thin film transistors fabricated in printed silicon. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 Lett. 1999, 38, L1149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piqúe, A.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; Stepnowski, J.L.; Weir, D.W.; Arnold, C.B.; McGill, R.A.; Chrisey, D.B. Laser processing of polymer thin for chemical sensor applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2003, 163–164, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colina, M.; Serra, P.; Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Sevilla, L.; Morenza, J.L. DNA deposition through laser induced forward transfer. In Proceedings of the Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Granada, Spain, 24–26 May 2004; Elsevier Ltd.: London, UK, 2005; Volume 20, pp. 1638–1642. [Google Scholar]
- Fernández-Pradas, J.M.; Colina, M.; Serra, P.; Domínguez, J.; Morenza, J.L. Laser-induced forward transfer of biomolecules. In Proceedings of the Thin Solid Films, Strabourg, France, 10–13 June 2003; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004; Volume 453–454, pp. 27–30. [Google Scholar]
- Hopp, B.; Smausz, T.; Antal, Z.; Kresz, N.; Bor, Z.; Chrisey, D. Absorbing film assisted laser induced forward transfer of fungi (Trichoderma conidia). J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 96, 3478–3481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lätsch, S.; Hiraoka, H.; Nieveen, W.; Bargon, J. Interface study on laser-induced material transfer from polymer and quartz surfaces. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1994, 81, 183–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.Y.; Lee, S.T. Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wartena, R.; Curtright, A.E.; Arnold, C.B.; Piqué, A.; Swider-Lyons, K.E. Li-ion microbatteries generated by a laser direct-write method. J. Power Sources 2004, 126, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piqué, A.; Chrisey, D.B.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; Fitz-Gerald, J.; Wu, H.D.; McGill, R.A.; Lakeou, S.; Wu, P.K.; Nguyen, V.; Duignan, M. A novel laser transfer process for direct writing of electronic and sensor materials. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 1999, 69, 279–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toet, D.; Smith, P.M.; Sigmon, T.W.; Thompson, M.O. Experimental and numerical investigations of a hydrogen-assisted laser-induced materials transfer procedure. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 3537–3546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fitz-Gerald, J.M.; Piqué, A.; Chrisey, D.B.; Rack, P.D.; Zeleznik, M.; Auyeung, R.C.Y.; Lakeou, S. Laser direct writing of phosphor screens for high-definition displays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 1386–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mavlonov, A.; Nishimura, T.; Chantan, J.; Kawano, Y.; Masuda, T.; Minemoto, T. Back-contact barrier analysis to develop flexible and bifacial Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells using transparent conductive In2O3: SnO2 thin films. Sol. Energy 2020, 211, 1311–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bähnisch, R.; Groß, W.; Menschig, A. Single-shot, high repetition rate metallic pattern transfer. Microelectron. Eng. 2000, 50, 541–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mito, T.; Tsujita, T.; Masuhara, H.; Hayashi, N.; Suzuki, K. Hollowing and transfer of polymethyl methacrylate film propelled by laser ablation of triazeno polymer film. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 Lett. 2001, 40, L805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doraiswamy, A.; Jin, C.; Narayan, R.J.; Mageswaran, P.; Mente, P.; Modi, R.; Auyeung, R.; Chrisey, D.B.; Ovsianikov, A.; Chichkov, B. Two photon induced polymerization of organic-inorganic hybrid biomaterials for microstructured medical devices. Acta Biomater. 2006, 2, 267–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gittard, S.D.; Narayan, R.J. Laser direct writing of micro- and nano-scale medical devices. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2010, 7, 343–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Serbin, J.; Egbert, A.; Ostendorf, A.; Chichkov, B.N.; Houbertz, R.; Domann, G.; Schulz, J.; Cronauer, C.; Fröhlich, L.; Popall, M. Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic–organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics. Opt. Lett. 2003, 28, 301–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.S.; Kim, R.H.; Yang, D.Y.; Park, S.H. Advances in 3D nano/microfabrication using two-photon initiated polymerization. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 631–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, T.W.; Son, Y.; Yang, D.Y.; Kong, H.J.; Lee, K.S.; Park, S.H. Highly effective three-dimensional large-scale microfabrication using a continuous scanning method. In Proceedings of the Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2008; Volume 92, pp. 541–545. [Google Scholar]
- In’T Veld, B.H.; Overmeyer, L.; Schmidt, M.; Wegener, K.; Malshe, A.; Bartolo, P. Micro additive manufacturing using ultra short laser pulses. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 2015, 64, 701–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cumpston, B.H.; Ananthavel, S.P.; Barlow, S.; Dyer, D.L.; Ehrlich, J.E.; Erskine, L.L.; Heikal, A.A.; Kuebler, S.M.; Lee, I.Y.S.; McCord-Maughon, D.; et al. Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication. Nature 1999, 398, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- So, P.T. Two-photon Fluorescence Light Microscopy. In eLS; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Malinauskas, M.; Žukauskas, A.; Bičkauskaitė, G.; Gadonas, R.; Juodkazis, S. Mechanisms of three-dimensional structuring of photo-polymers by tightly focussed femtosecond laser pulses. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 10209–10221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, S.; Serbin, J.; Gu, M. Two-photon polymerisation for three-dimensional micro-fabrication. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2006, 181, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farsari, M.; Filippidis, G.; Sambani, K.; Drakakis, T.S.; Fotakis, C. Two-photon polymerization of an Eosin Y-sensitized acrylate composite. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2006, 181, 132–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baldacchini, T.; Snider, S.; Zadoyan, R. Two-photon polymerization with variable repetition rate bursts of femtosecond laser pulses. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 29890–29899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, J.; Muller, J.; Kaschke, J.; Wegener, M. Direct laser writing with variable repetition rate. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2013, San Jose, CA, USA, 9–14 June 2013; IEEE Computer Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2013; p. CM4H.5. [Google Scholar]
- Seet, K.K.; Juodkazis, S.; Jarutis, V.; Misawa, H. Feature-size reduction of photopolymerized structures by femtosecond optical curing of SU-8. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 024106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mueller, J.B.; Fischer, J.; Mange, Y.J.; Nann, T.; Wegener, M. In-situ local temperature measurement during three-dimensional direct laser writing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 123107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saha, S.K.; Divin, C.; Cuadra, J.A.; Panas, R.M. Effect of proximity of features on the damage threshold during submicron additive manufacturing via two-photon polymerization. J. Micro Nano-Manuf. 2017, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Born, M.; Wolf, E. Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light; Elsevier: London, UK, 2013; ISBN 9781483103204. [Google Scholar]
- Fourkas, J.T.; LaFratta, C.N.; Lim, D.; Farrer, R.A.; Naughton, M.J. Laser direct writing for the electrical wiring of nanostructures and applications in electrically detected plasmon resonance. In Proceedings of the Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, Tucson, AZ, USA, 16–21 October 2005; Optical Society of America (OSA): Washington, DC, USA, 2005; p. LTuE4. [Google Scholar]
- Sang, H.P.; Tae, W.L.; Yang, D.Y.; Ran, H.K.; Lee, K.S. Improvement of spatial resolution in nano-stereolithography using radical quencher. Macromol. Res. 2006, 14, 559–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, J.F.; Dong, X.Z.; Chen, W.Q.; Duan, X.M.; Takeyasu, N.; Tanaka, T.; Kawata, S. Improving spatial resolution of two-photon microfabrication by using photoinitiator with high initiating efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 131106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuebler, S.M.; Braun, K.L.; Zhou, W.; Cammack, J.K.; Yu, T.; Ober, C.K.; Marder, S.R.; Perry, J.W. Design and application of high sensitivity two-photon initiators for three-dimensional microfabrication. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2003, 158, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, J.; Wegener, M. Three-dimensional optical laser lithography beyond the diffraction limit. Laser Photon. Rev. 2013, 7, 22–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrett, S.F.; Wright, C.H.G.; Jerath, M.R.; Lewis, R.S., II; Dillard, B.C.; Rylander, H.G., III; Welch, A.J. Automated retinal robotic laser system instrumentation. In Proceedings of the Biomedical Optoelectronic Instrumentation, San Jose, CA, USA, 1 May 1995; Harrington, J.A., Harris, D.M., Katzir, A., Eds.; SPIE: Washington, DC, USA, 1995; Volume 2396, p. 205. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, J.; Izard, A.G.; Zhang, Y.; Baldacchini, T.; Valdevit, L. Programmable Mechanical Properties of Two-Photon Polymerized Materials: From Nanowires to Bulk-Bauer-2019-Advanced Materials Technologies-Wiley Online Library. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2019, 1900146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, H.B.; Takada, K.; Kawata, S. Elastic force analysis of functional polymer submicron oscillators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 3173–3175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakanishi, S.; Shoji, S.; Kawata, S.; Sun, H.B. Giant elasticity of photopolymer nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 063112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bayindir, Z.; Sun, Y.; Naughton, M.J.; Lafratta, C.N.; Baldacchini, T.; Fourkas, J.T.; Stewart, J.; Saleh, B.E.A.; Teich, M.C. Polymer microcantilevers fabricated via multiphoton absorption polymerization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rekštyte, S.; Paipulas, D.; Malinauskas, M.; Mizeikis, V. Microactuation and sensing using reversible deformations of laser-written polymeric structures. Nanotechnology 2017, 28, 124001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meza, L.R.; Zelhofer, A.J.; Clarke, N.; Mateos, A.J.; Kochmann, D.M.; Greer, J.R. Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 11502–11507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meza, L.R.; Greer, J.R. Mechanical characterization of hollow ceramic nanolattices. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 2496–2508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bauer, J.; Hengsbach, S.; Tesari, I.; Schwaiger, R.; Kraft, O. High-strength cellular ceramic composites with 3D microarchitecture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 2453–2458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baldacchini, T.; Nuñez, V.; LaFratta, C.N.; Grech, J.S.; Vullev, V.I.; Zadoyan, R. Microfabrication of three-dimensional filters for liposome extrusion. In Proceedings of the Laser 3D Manufacturing II, San Francisco, CA, USA, 16 March 2015; Helvajian, H., Piqué, A., Wegener, M., Gu, B., Eds.; SPIE: Washington, DC, USA, 2015; Volume 9353, p. 93530W. [Google Scholar]
- Decker, C. Photoinitiated curing of multifunctional monomers. Acta Polym. 1994, 45, 333–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, L.; Xiong, W.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y.; Huang, X.; Li, D.; Baldacchini, T.; Jiang, L.; Lu, Y. Performance comparison of acrylic and thiol-acrylic resins in two-photon polymerization. Opt. Express 2016, 24, 13687–13701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davidson, C.L.; Feilzer, A.J. Polymerization shrinkage and polymerization shrinkage stress in polymer-based restoratives. J. Dent. 1997, 25, 435–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, H.B.; Suwa, T.; Takada, K.; Zaccaria, R.P.; Kim, M.S.; Lee, K.S.; Kawata, S. Shape precompensation in two-photon laser nanowriting of photonic lattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3708–3710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, T.W.; Son, Y.; Yang, D.-Y.; Pham, T.A.; Kim, D.-P.; Yang, B.-I.; Lee, K.-S.; Park, S.H. Net Shape Manufacturing of Three-Dimensional SiCN Ceramic Microstructures Using an Isotropic Shrinkage Method by Introducing Shrinkage Guiders. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2008, 5, 258–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Shizhou, X.; Farsari, M.; Vamvakaki, M.; Fotakis, C.; Chichkov, B.N. Shrinkage of microstructures produced by two-photon polymerization of Zr-based hybrid photosensitive materials. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 2143–2148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Viertl, J.; Chichkov, B.; Oubaha, M.; MacCraith, B.; Sakellari, I.; Giakoumaki, A.; Gray, D.; Vamvakaki, M.; Farsari, M.; et al. Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 2257–2262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Q.; Juodkazis, S.; Murazawa, N.; Mizeikis, V.; Misawa, H. Freestanding and movable photonic microstructures fabricated by photopolymerization with femtosecond laser pulses. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2010, 20, 035004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serbin, J.; Ovsianikov, A.; Chichkov, B. Fabrication of woodpile structures by two-photon polymerization and investigation of their optical properties. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 5221–5228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gittard, S.D.; Ovsianikov, A.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.; Lusk, J.; Morel, P.; Minghetti, P.; Lenardi, C.; Chichkov, B.N.; Narayan, R.J. Fabrication of polymer microneedles using a two-photon polymerization and micromolding process. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2009, 3, 304–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Chichkov, B.; Mente, P.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.; Doraiswamy, A.; Narayan, R.J. Two Photon Polymerization of Polymer?Ceramic Hybrid Materials for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2007, 4, 22–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Ostendorf, A.; Chichkov, B.N. Three-dimensional photofabrication with femtosecond lasers for applications in photonics and biomedicine. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007, 253, 6599–6602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, H.S.; Denson, D.D.; Burris, B.A.; Prausnitz, M.R. Effect of microneedle design on pain in human volunteers. Clin. J. Pain 2008, 24, 585–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Chichkov, B.; Adunka, O.; Pillsbury, H.; Doraiswamy, A.; Narayan, R.J. Rapid prototyping of ossicular replacement prostheses. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007, 253, 6603–6607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eijkel, J.C.T.; Van Den Berg, A. Nanotechnology for membranes, filters and sieves. Lab Chip 2006, 6, 19–23. [Google Scholar]
- Amato, L.; Gu, Y.; Bellini, N.; Eaton, S.M.; Cerullo, G.; Osellame, R. Integrated three-dimensional filter separates nanoscale from microscale elements in a microfluidic chip. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 1135–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farsari, M.; Vamvakaki, M.; Chichkov, B.N. Multiphoton polymerization of hybrid materials. J. Opt. 2010, 12, 124001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schizas, C.; Melissinaki, V.; Gaidukeviciute, A.; Reinhardt, C.; Ohrt, C.; Dedoussis, V.; Chichkov, B.N.; Fotakis, C.; Farsari, M.; Karalekas, D. On the design and fabrication by two-photon polymerization of a readily assembled micro-valve. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2010, 48, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doraiswamy, A.; Ovsianikov, A.; Gittard, S.D.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.; Crombez, R.; Montalvo, E.; Shen, W.; Chichkov, B.N.; Narayan, R.J. Fabrication of microneedles using two photon polymerization for transdermal delivery of nanomaterials. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 6305–6312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gittard, S.D.; Nguyen, A.; Obata, K.; Koroleva, A.; Narayan, R.J.; Chichkov, B.N. Fabrication of microscale medical devices by two-photon polymerization with multiple foci via a spatial light modulator. Biomed. Opt. Express 2011, 2, 3167–3178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gittard, S.D.; Narayan, R.J.; Jin, C.; Ovsianikov, A.; Chichkov, B.N.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.; Stafslien, S.; Chisholm, B. Pulsed laser deposition of antimicrobial silver coating on Ormocer microneedles. Biofabrication 2009, 1, 041001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Teresa Raimondi, M. Engineered Tissue as a Model to Study Cell and Tissue Function from a Biophysical Perspective. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 2007, 3, 245–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimondi, M.T.; Balconi, G.; Boschetti, F.; Di Metri, A.; Azmi Mohammed, S.A.; Quaglini, V.; Araneo, L.; Galvéz, B.G.; Lupi, M.; Latini, R.; et al. An opto-structural method to estimate the stress-strain field induced by cell contraction on substrates of controlled stiffness in vitro. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 2013, 11, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimondi, M.T.; Falcone, L.; Colombo, M.; Remuzzi, A.; Marinoni, E.; Marazzi, M.; Rapisarda, V.; Pietrabissa, R. A comparative evaluation of chondrocyte/scaffold constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 2004, 2, 55–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nie, Z.; Kumacheva, E. Patterning surfaces with functional polymers. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 277–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraehenbuehl, T.P.; Langer, R.; Ferreira, L.S. Three-dimensional biomaterials for the study of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Methods 2011, 8, 731–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paun, I.A.; Popescu, R.C.; Mustaciosu, C.C.; Zamfirescu, M.; Calin, B.S.; Mihailescu, M.; Dinescu, M.; Popescu, A.; Chioibasu, D.; Soproniy, M.; et al. Laser-direct writing by two-photon polymerization of 3D honeycomb-like structures for bone regeneration. Biofabrication 2018, 10, 025009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mačiulaitis, J.; Deveikyte, M.; Rekštyte, S.; Bratchikov, M.; Darinskas, A.; Šimbelyte, A.; Daunoras, G.; Laurinavičiene, A.; Laurinavičius, A.; Gudas, R.; et al. Preclinical study of SZ2080 material 3D microstructured scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering made by femtosecond direct laser writing lithography. Biofabrication 2015, 7, 015015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huh, D.; Matthews, B.D.; Mammoto, A.; Montoya-Zavala, M.; Yuan Hsin, H.; Ingber, D.E. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science 2010, 328, 1662–1668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kaehr, B.; Shear, J.B. High-throughput design of microfluidics based on directed bacterial motility. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 2632–2637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maruo, S.; Inoue, H. Optically driven viscous micropump using a rotating microdisk. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 084101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xia, H.; Wang, J.; Tian, Y.; Chen, Q.-D.; Du, X.-B.; Zhang, Y.-L.; He, Y.; Sun, H.-B. Ferrofluids for Fabrication of Remotely Controllable Micro-Nanomachines by Two-Photon Polymerization. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3204–3207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaehr, B.; Allen, R.; Javier, D.J.; Currie, J.; Shear, J.B. Guiding neuronal development with in situ microfabrication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 16104–16108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Technique | Illustration | References |
---|---|---|
Selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) |
| [5,6,7] |
Stereolithography (SLA) |
| [8] |
Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) |
| [9] |
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) |
| [10] |
Classification of Material | LIFT-Printed Materials | References |
---|---|---|
Organic materials | Deoxyribonucleic acid | [18] |
Polymers | [19,20] | |
Biomaterials | [21,22] | |
Optical material | Optical structures | [23,24] |
Micro-materials | Nanotubes | [25] |
Graphene | [26] | |
Particulates | [27,28] | |
Metallic material | Metals | [29,30] |
Gel-type material | Inks | [31,32,33,34] |
LIFT Methods | Illustration | References |
---|---|---|
Hydrogen assisted LIFT (HA-LIFT) |
| [52,53] |
Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) + LIFT |
| [54] |
Thermal Imaging (TI) |
| [55] |
Laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI) |
| [56] |
Sr. No | Material Transferred | Substrate | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Lambda phage DNA dissolved in Tris-HCl, EDTA solution | Glass | Research on genome functions | [87] |
02 | Copper | Quartz | Metal patterns | [88] |
03 | Polymer composites | Silicon and Gold | Chemical sensors | [89] |
04 | DNA material and proteins | Poly-L-lysine, nylon-coated glass | Biosensors | [90,91] |
05 | Fungi (Trichoderma) conidia | Glass | Controlled transfer of organisms | [92] |
06 | Copper and Aluminum | Mica and Quartz | Contact masks | [93] |
07 | Blend of LEP and inert polymers (polystyrene) | Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate | Organic LED displays | [94] |
08 | Carbon/binder, LiCoO2/carbon/binder | Metal foils | Li-ion micro-batteries and electrodes | [95] |
09 | Gold, Copper, Nichrome, Barium titanate and Y3FeO12 | Glass, alumina, silicon FR-4 and RO4003 circuit boards | Fabrication of electronics and sensors | [96] |
10 | p-Si and Al | Silicon | Fabrication of top gated TFTs | [97] |
11 | Dense oxide phosphor powders of Y2O3: Eu and Zn2SiO4: Mn | Alumina, Polymers | Fabrication of high-definition displays | [98] |
12 | In2O3 | Glass | Microprinted gratings | [99] |
13 | Au/Sn | Silicon | Die/flip-chip bonding | [100] |
14 | Pyrene-doped PMMA | PMMA | Patterning of thin film materials | [101] |
Technique | Illustration | References |
---|---|---|
With the variation of operating conditions | Laser energy density, laser-material interaction time and numerical aperture of the objective are adjusted to achieve high resolution | [119] |
Using Radial Quencher | Unlike TPP, the radicals are united with radical quenchers as an alternative of monomers to generate quenched radicals (QRs). These QRs are neutralized by irradiation or heat release. So, the QRs stop the photo-polymerization reactions. | [120] |
Designing the high-efficiency photo-initiators | An extremely delicate and effective photo-initiator can participate in a small threshold and quick laser-material interaction time, which would reduce the region’s size where radicals are primarily produced and reduce the radicals’ quantity and dispersal, respectively. Hence, they might be helpful to enhance the TPP resolution. | [121,122] |
Simulated emission depletion (STED) like lithography | The contrast between depleting mechanisms and STED is that it includes: (a) two-color photo-initiation, and (b) resolution increment through photo-induced deactivated lithography. Besides, traditional lithography, such as Isopropyl thioxanthone-based depletion lithography, relies on an alternate mechanism for photo-inhibited polymerization, which is absent in STED-lithography | [123] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mahmood, M.A.; Popescu, A.C. 3D Printing at Micro-Level: Laser-Induced Forward Transfer and Two-Photon Polymerization. Polymers 2021, 13, 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132034
Mahmood MA, Popescu AC. 3D Printing at Micro-Level: Laser-Induced Forward Transfer and Two-Photon Polymerization. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132034
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmood, Muhammad Arif, and Andrei C. Popescu. 2021. "3D Printing at Micro-Level: Laser-Induced Forward Transfer and Two-Photon Polymerization" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132034