Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behavior of Bleached Kraft Softwood-Reinforced PLA Composites as Alternative to PP-Based Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Fiber Chemical Composition and Polarity
2.2.2. Composite Compounding and Samples Obtaining
2.2.3. Impact Test
2.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.5. Water Uptake Measurement
2.2.6. Preliminary Analysis of the Environmental Impact of the Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fiber’s Chemical Composition and Polarity Behavior
3.2. Impact Strength
3.3. Water Uptake Behavior
3.4. Preliminary Analysis of the Environmental Impact of PLA-Based Composites in Front of GF Reinforced PP Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ashes (%) | Extractives (%) | Lignin (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Cellulose (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bleached Kraft Softwood Pulp | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 14.56 | 84.12 ± 1.79 |
Mechanical Softwood Pulp | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 2.04 ± 0.07 | 28.96 ± 0.27 | 12.30 | 55.06 ± 1.84 |
Polarity (µeq MGCh/g Sample) | |
---|---|
Bleached Kraft Softwood Pulp | 8.5 ± 0.2 |
Stone Ground Wood | 31.4 ± 0.1 |
Poly (lactic acid) | 2.9 ± 0.2 |
Sample | (g/cm3) | (KJ/m2) | (KJ/m2) | (KJ/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 0 | 1.240 ± 0.016 | 25.8 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 22.9 |
PLA/10%BKSP | 0.090 | 1.254 ± 0.021 | 21.7 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 18.4 |
PLA/15%BKSP | 0.135 | 1.261 ± 0.011 | 20.8 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 17.5 |
PLA/20%BKSP | 0.181 | 1.269 ± 0.006 | 20.2 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 16.9 |
PLA/25%BKSP | 0.228 | 1.276 ± 0.009 | 19.8 ± 2.4 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 16.6 |
PLA/30%BKSP | 0.275 | 1.284 ± 0.013 | 19.3 ± 3.2 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 16.1 |
PLA/35%BKSP | 0.323 | 1.292 ± 0.017 | 18.4 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 15.3 |
Sample | (g/cm3) | (KJ/m2) | (KJ/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP | 0 | 0.905 ± 0.022 | - | - |
PP/10%GF | 0.039 | 0.966 ± 0.031 | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 26.8 ± 3.1 |
PP/20%GF | 0.084 | 1.036 ± 0.016 | 18.9 ± 1.3 | 22.7 ± 2.3 |
PP/30%GF | 0.136 | 1.116 ± 0.043 | 17.7 ± 1.5 | 21.4 ± 2.0 |
Fiber Content (%) | (%) | n | K |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.068 ± 0.013 |
15 | 2.59 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.067 ± 0.019 |
20 | 3.25 ± 0.11 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.058 ± 0.002 |
25 | 4.09 ± 0.06 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.063 ± 0.005 |
30 | 5.27 ± 0.31 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.064 ± 0.008 |
35 | 7.03 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.040 ± 0.002 |
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Oliver-Ortega, H.; Tarrés, Q.; Mutjé, P.; Delgado-Aguilar, M.; Méndez, J.A.; Espinach, F.X. Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behavior of Bleached Kraft Softwood-Reinforced PLA Composites as Alternative to PP-Based Materials. Polymers 2020, 12, 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092144
Oliver-Ortega H, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Méndez JA, Espinach FX. Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behavior of Bleached Kraft Softwood-Reinforced PLA Composites as Alternative to PP-Based Materials. Polymers. 2020; 12(9):2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092144
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliver-Ortega, Helena, Quim Tarrés, Pere Mutjé, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, José Alberto Méndez, and Francesc Xavier Espinach. 2020. "Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behavior of Bleached Kraft Softwood-Reinforced PLA Composites as Alternative to PP-Based Materials" Polymers 12, no. 9: 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092144