A Highly Efficient Ag Nanoparticle-Immobilized Alginate-g-Polyacrylonitrile Hybrid Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Nitrophenols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Synthesis of the PAN-g-Alg@Ag Nanocomposite Material
2.3. Analytical Techniques Used for Product Characterization
2.4. Photocatalytic Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Synthesized Nanocomposite
3.2. The RSM-Coupled Approach and Statistical Exploration
3.2.1. Analysis of Variance
3.2.2. Interpretation of the 3D Surface Data and Interaction Curves
3.3. Kinetics of Photodegradation
3.4. Photocatalytic Activity of PAN-g-Alg@Ag NC and Its Individual Entities
3.5. Photocatalytic Degradation of DNP in Dark and Sunlight
3.6. Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on DNP Degradation
3.7. The Mechanism of Photodegradation
3.8. Regeneration and Reusability of PAN-g-Alg@Ag NC and Alg@Ag NPs
3.9. Comparison with Literature
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Alg | Alginate |
PAN | Poly(acrylonitrile) |
Alg@Ag NPs | Alginate functionalized Ag nanoparticles |
DNP | 2, 4-Dinitrophenol |
FTIR | Fourier-transform Infrared |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
TEM | Transmission Electron Microscope |
XRD | X-ray Diffraction |
EDX | Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
DSC | Differential Scanning Calorimetry |
APS | Ammonium Persulfate |
FAS | Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate |
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Component | 2θ | FWHM (βhkl) | Interlayer Spacing (d200) (A°) | Size of Crystal (nm) at (200) | Dislocation Density (δ) × 1015 Lines (m−2) | % Crystallinity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alg@Ag NPs | 37.11 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 25.39 | 1.55 | 52 |
PAN-g-Alg@Ag NC | 37.24 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 17.48 | 3.27 | 19 |
Element | Mass % | Atom % | Binding Energy (KeV) |
---|---|---|---|
C | 24.03 | 29.13 | 0.26–0.29 |
N | 36.21 | 37.64 | 0.44–0.46 |
O | 35.95 | 32.72 | 0.52–0.54 |
Ag | 3.80 | 0.51 | 3.00–3.20 |
Source | DF | Adj SS | Adj MS | F Value | p > F Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 9 | 8.48 | 0.94 | 0.44 | 0.00 |
A | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 |
B | 1 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.03 |
C | 1 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.48 | 0.03 |
A2 | 1 | 3.99 | 3.99 | 1.86 | 0.00 |
B2 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
C2 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 0.57 |
A×B | 1 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
A×C | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.87 |
B×C | 1 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 1.11 | 0.03 |
Error | 10 | 21.51 | 2.15 |
S.N. | Concentration (mg L−1) | Rate Constant (K) (min−1) | Half-Life (t1/2) (min) | R2 | SSE (×10−4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 0.05 | 14.74 | 0.99 | 5.13 |
2 | 20 | 0.05 | 13.86 | 0.99 | 6.79 |
3 | 30 | 0.05 | 12.84 | 0.99 | 4.72 |
4 | 40 | 0.06 | 12.38 | 0.99 | 5.54 |
5 | 50 | 0.06 | 11.74 | 0.99 | 5.41 |
6 | 60 | 0.06 | 10.82 | 0.99 | 3.81 |
7 | 70 | 0.07 | 10.04 | 0.99 | 3.44 |
Material/Photocatalyst | Irradiation Time (min) | pH | Kinetics | % Degradation of DNP | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
g-C3N4/AgI/ZnO/CQD | 120 min | 4 | Langmuir–Hinshelwood | 98% | [12] |
Ag2CO3/PSGCN | 120 min | 4 | Pseudo-first order | 98% | [17] |
CMIP-coated TiO2 | 240 min | 5 | Pseudo-first order | 76% | [43] |
ZnFe2O4 | 15 min | 3 | Pseudo-first order | 82% | [4] |
[Ag4(NO3)4(dpppda)]n | 300 min | 4 | Pseudo-zero order | 93% | [50] |
ζ-Bi2O3/Bi2MoO6 | 100 min | 7 | Pseudo-first order | 86% | [51] |
ZnFe2O4-ZrO2 | 60 min | 4 | Pseudo-first order | 90% | [8] |
molecularly imprinted TiO2 | 240 min | 4 | Pseudo-first order | 74% | [14] |
Ag/CuO/TiO2 | 80 min | 7 | Pseudo-first order | 99% | [13] |
PAN–g–Alg@Ag | 35 min | 4.68 | Pseudo-first order | 99.46% | Present Study |
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Hasan, I.; Shekhar, C.; Alharbi, W.; Abu Khanjer, M.; Khan, R.A.; Alsalme, A. A Highly Efficient Ag Nanoparticle-Immobilized Alginate-g-Polyacrylonitrile Hybrid Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Nitrophenols. Polymers 2020, 12, 3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123049
Hasan I, Shekhar C, Alharbi W, Abu Khanjer M, Khan RA, Alsalme A. A Highly Efficient Ag Nanoparticle-Immobilized Alginate-g-Polyacrylonitrile Hybrid Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Nitrophenols. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123049
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan, Imran, Charu Shekhar, Walaa Alharbi, Maymonah Abu Khanjer, Rais Ahmad Khan, and Ali Alsalme. 2020. "A Highly Efficient Ag Nanoparticle-Immobilized Alginate-g-Polyacrylonitrile Hybrid Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Nitrophenols" Polymers 12, no. 12: 3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123049