Influence of Multidimensional Graphene Oxide (GO) Sheets on Anti-Biofouling and Desalination Performance of Thin-Film Composite Membranes: Effects of GO Lateral Sizes and Oxidation Degree
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Graphene oxides (GOs) with Different Lateral Sizes and Oxidation Degrees
2.3. Synthesis of Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes and GO Incorporation
2.4. Characterization of GO with Different Lateral Dimensions
2.5. Characterization of GO-Modified Membranes
2.6. Anti-Biofouling Test
2.7. Membrane Performance Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. GO Characterization
3.2. Characterization of GO-Modified Membrane
3.3. Anti-Biofouling Effect of the GO-Modified Membrane
3.4. Desalination Performance of the GO-Modified Membrane
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Classification | Size Range (nm) | Lateral Dimension Width | Lateral Dimension Length | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO1 (%) | GO2 (%) | GO3 (%) | GO1 (%) | GO2 (%) | GO3 (%) | |||
1 | Small | 500–1200 | 74 | 88 | 100 | 48 | 12 | 100 |
2 | Medium | 1200–2300 | 18 | 12 | - | 28 | 88 | - |
3 | Large | 2300–3600 | 8 | - | - | 24 | - | - |
Sample | C1s | O1s | Atomic Ratio C/O | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binding Energy (eV) | Groups | Area (%) | Binding Energy (eV) | Groups | Area (%) | ||
GO1 | 284.5 | C–C/C=C | 3.2 | 531.3 | C–OH | 23.3 | 2.09 |
285.4 | C–O | 45.7 | 532.7 | C=O | 76.7 | ||
287.2 | C=O | 38.6 | |||||
288.7 | O-C=O | 12.5 | |||||
GO2 | 284.5 | C–C/C=C | 13.2 | 531.6 | C–OH | 38.6 | 1.96 |
285.4 | C-O | 26.1 | 532.7 | C=O | 34 | ||
286.8 | C–O-C | 45.9 | 533.1 | COOH | 27.4 | ||
288.7 | O–C=O | 14.8 | |||||
GO3 | 284.5 | C–C/C=C | 14.87 | 531.6 | C–OH | 80 | 1.77 |
285.6 | C–O | 22.95 | 532.9 | C=O | 20 | ||
286.7 | C–O–C | 50.55 | |||||
289 | O–C=O | 11.63 |
Membrane | Roughness (nm) | Contact Angle (°) |
---|---|---|
PA-PS | 26.1 | 68 ± 2 |
PA+GO1-PS | 77.9 | 56.7 ± 0.5 |
PA+GO2-PS | 39.7 | 67 ± 10 |
PA+GO3-PS | 87.1 | 23.7 ± 0.1 |
Membrane | Carbon (atom %) | Nitrogen (atom %) | Oxygen (atom %) | Ratio O/N | Ratio N/O | * CL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA-PS | 73.8 | 11.7 | 13.5 | 1.1 | 0.86 | 78.5 |
PA+GO1-PS | 70 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 1.1 | 0.89 | 82.5 |
PA+GO2-PS | 70.2 | 13.4 | 16.4 | 1.2 | 0.82 | 70.3 |
PA+GO3-PS | 71.8 | 13.4 | 14.8 | 1.1 | 0.91 | 85.7 |
Membrane | Bactericidal Effect (%) | Anti-Adhesion Effect (%) |
---|---|---|
PA-PS | 15 | - |
PA+GO1-PS | 69 | 49 |
PA+GO2-PS | 31 | 77 |
PA+GO3-PS | 55 | 58 |
Material | Z Potential Range (mv) * |
---|---|
GO1 | (−1)–(0) |
GO2 | (−45)–(−40) |
GO3 | (−50)–(−45) |
Membrane | Flux (L m−2 h−1) | Reject (%) |
---|---|---|
PA-PS | 11 ± 1 | 93 ± 1 |
PA+GO1-PS | 26 ± 3 | 90 ± 6 |
PA+GO2-PS | 2 ± 1 | 91.5 ± 0.2 |
PA+GO3-PS | 5 ± 1 | 83 ± 3 |
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Rodríguez, B.E.; Armendariz-Ontiveros, M.M.; Quezada, R.; Huitrón-Segovia, E.A.; Estay, H.; García García, A.; García, A. Influence of Multidimensional Graphene Oxide (GO) Sheets on Anti-Biofouling and Desalination Performance of Thin-Film Composite Membranes: Effects of GO Lateral Sizes and Oxidation Degree. Polymers 2020, 12, 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122860
Rodríguez BE, Armendariz-Ontiveros MM, Quezada R, Huitrón-Segovia EA, Estay H, García García A, García A. Influence of Multidimensional Graphene Oxide (GO) Sheets on Anti-Biofouling and Desalination Performance of Thin-Film Composite Membranes: Effects of GO Lateral Sizes and Oxidation Degree. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122860
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, Bárbara E., María Magdalena Armendariz-Ontiveros, Rodrigo Quezada, Esther A. Huitrón-Segovia, Humberto Estay, Alejandra García García, and Andreina García. 2020. "Influence of Multidimensional Graphene Oxide (GO) Sheets on Anti-Biofouling and Desalination Performance of Thin-Film Composite Membranes: Effects of GO Lateral Sizes and Oxidation Degree" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122860