Applications of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels for Mechanical Sensing
2.1. Gauge Factor
2.2. Healing Time and Efficiency
2.3. Stretchability
3. Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels for Wound Healing
3.1. Healing Properties
3.2. Adhesion Strength
3.3. Additional Mechanical Properties
4. Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels for Drug Delivery
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gel | Problems of Traditional Gels that the New Gel Tried to Fix | Design Strategy of the New Gel in the Paper | Gauge Factor (Strain %) | Healing Time and Efficiency | Mechanical Properties | Year | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVA/SWCNT | No sensing properties over 100% strain, Low Gauge Factor | Introduce SWCNT to increase stretchability, gauge factor, and recovery | 0.24 (100%) 1.51 (1000%) | Electrical Healing: 3.2 s Appearance: 30–60 s Self-Healing Efficiency: ~98% | No change in sensor properties after 1000 cycles at 700% strain Excellent Sensing Performance | 2016 | [21] |
PVA/Graphene | No sensing properties over 100% strain, Low Gauge Factor | Introduce Graphene to increase stretchability, gauge factor, and recovery | 0.92 (1000%) | - | Excellent Sensing Performance | 2016 | [21] |
PVA/Silver Nanowire | No sensing properties over 100% strain, Low Gauge Factor | Introduce Silver Nanowire to increase stretchability, gauge factor, and recovery | 2.25 (1000%) | Silver nanowire is easily oxidized by air and water | Excellent Sensing Performance | 2016 | [21] |
Aromatic Polyamic Acid Salt (PAAS) Hydrogel | Poor Mechanical Properties, Preparation is toxic | Prepare in an environmentally friendly way, Adding p-PDA/s-BPDA enhance mechanical properties | - | Self-healed within 1 min at room temperature | Mechanical stress of 500 kPa at 1350% strain, Storage Modulus of 5 × 105 Pa | 2019 | [27] |
DCh/PPy/PAA | Low Conductivity, Sensitivity, Mechanical Recovery | Create a mechanically/electrically self-healing hydrogel with pressure/extension sensitivity | - | Mechanical Recovery: 2 min 90% Electrical Recovery: 30 s | Conductivity increases with strength of compression on Hydrogel | 2017 | [28] |
PVA/PVP/Fe3+ | Low Mechanical Properties, Self-healability, sensitivity | Fabricate a conductive, elastic, self-healing, and strain-sensitive hydrogel | 0.478 (200%) | Self-healing within 5 min, and self-recovery within 30 min | Mechanical Strength of 2.1 MPa of tensile stress | 2017 | [29] |
PVA/PDA | Low Detection Ranges and sensitivity | A low-modulus PVA hydrogel that is self-healing, PDA makes the hydrogel self-adhesive | - | Self-Healing in 250 ms at ambient temperature | High Sensing Performance in the ranges of Ultralow (0.1%) to High (500%) Strain | 2018 | [24] |
PEDOT:SL/PAA | Not wearable, Insensitive to pressure/strain Can freeze at subzero temperatures | PEDOT:SL improves softness and elasticity-promotes strain sensitivity | 7 (100%) | - | Stretched to 7 times original length, recovers with negligible residual strain | 2019 | [30] |
PAAm/Graphene | Poor mechanical consistence and electrical conductivity | Hydrogel acts as potential scaffold for neuronal growth | 9 (30%) | - | Conductivity:5.4 × 10−5 S/cm | 2018 | [31] |
PAA/PANI | Self-healing electronics have low durability and stretchability | PANI-based self-healing electronic composite with high stretchability and electrical conductivity | 11.6 (Within 100%) 4.7 (Over 100%) | Electrical Conductivity Healing Efficiency: 88.2% in 5 min Mechanical Healing Efficiency: 24.3% in 5 min | Stretchability up to 400% Electrical Conductivity of 0.12 S/cm | 2018 | [22] |
PAAm/LiCl | Ionogels have lower conductivity than hydrogels | Soft, stretchable electrical devices integrating a conductive hydrogel | 0.84 (40%) | - | Conductivity: 10.39 ± 0.31 S/m | 2017 | [32] |
PAA/Graphene/Fe3+ | Low stretchability, self-healing, mechanical properties | Covalent bonds -strong, stable network for the hydrogel, Reduced graphene oxide and ions are highly sensitive | 0.31 (100%) 1.32 (500%) | Recovered nearly 100% initial conductivity | Resistance: 5.8 kΩ Strength: ~300 kPa at 45% strain Tensile Strength: ~400 kPa at 300% strain | 2018 | [33,34] |
PAA/Al3+ | Poor mechanical properties, Require adhesives | Ions allow high sensitivity to large and subtle motions | 5.5 (100%) 7.8 (2000%) | Healing efficiency of 88% at 20 min and 92% at 30 min | Ultra-stretchability with a 2952% fracture strain, Compression Performance: 95% strain without fracture Toughness: 5.60 MJ/m3 | 2018 | [25] |
Dopamine/Talc/PAAm (DTPAM) | Low stretchability and recoverability | Polydopamine-modified talc particles uniformly disperse in PAAm—Enhance mechanical properties/adhesiveness | 0.125 (100%) 0.693 (1000%) | Appearance healed after 30 min at room temperature | After healing, can still be stretched over 800% Strongly adhesive | 2018 | [34] |
PAAm/Alginate | Low mechanical robustness and stretchability | PAAm and alginate form a ‘tough’ hydrogel that has a high stretchability and fracture toughness | - | - | Fracture Toughness of ~9000 J/m2 Fatigue Fracture of 53 J/m2 Cycle 1000: Constant resistance to high stretching | 2016 2017 | [35,36] |
PAAm/Alginate/CaCl2 | Desired properties lost below freezing point of water | Gel soaked in 30 wt % CaCl2 retains stretchability/toughness/conductivity at below 0 °C | - | - | Fracture Toughness of ~5000 J/m2 | 2018 | [37] |
PAAm/Alginate Optical Fibers | Fragile against external strain, Low mechanical strength | Make a tough hydrogel, which has high stretchability and mechanical strength | - | - | Fracture Energy of ~9000 J/m2 Can be elongated to 700% strain | 2016 | [38] |
PAMPS/PAAm Double Network Gel | Single network hydrogels showed poor mechanical properties, Fatigue Damage under low cyclic load | Double Network hydrogels have outstanding mechanical properties | - | - | Average Toughness ~3358 J/m2, Fracture Energy 3779 J/m2, Fatigue Threshold 418 J/m2 | 2018 | [39] |
PVA/PAAm | Low stretchability and sensitivity | Adhesive Wrinkled microarchitectures and interconnected ridges increase contact area | - | - | Stretchability up to 500%, Response time of 150 ms, Sensitivity of 0.05 kPa−1 at 0 to 3.27 kPa | 2018 | [40] |
AAm/2-hydroxyethylacrylate/Liquid Gallium | Low sensitivity, limited stretchability, and poor stability | Use liquid metals as soft fillers in hydrophilic polymer networks to make highly stretchable, force-sensitive hydrogels | - | - | Tensile Strain ~1500%, Compressive Sensitivity of 0.25 kPa | 2019 | [41] |
PAA/PANI | Limited by fragile and weak properties, like low flexibility | Highly Stretchable PAA/PANI hydrogel | 0.60 (0–800%) 1.05 (800–1130%) | - | Tensile Deformation: 1160% strain Sensing Range: 0 to 1130% | 2018 | [42] |
PVA/MXene | Low sensitivity | MXenes have high conductivity and strain sensitivity. MXenes improve mechanical properties | 2, 0 wt % MXene (40%) 25, 4.1 wt % MXene (40%) | Instantaneous Self-Healing | Stretchability of 3400% Conformability and adhesive to various surfaces, including human skin | 2018 | [23] |
PAAm/Alginate/Eutectic Gallium | Low Conductivity, Stretchability, High Power Consumption | Eutectic Gallium is highly conductive and used in a known tough hydrogel | - | - | Sensitivity of 100 Pa, can be rehydrated to most of its initial weight (>85%) after 30 drying/soaking cycles | 2018 | [43] |
PAAm/Agar/LiCl | Low stretchability, Opaque, Poor Mechanical Strength | Conductive, Excellent mechanical properties, stretchability, and sensitivity, Transparent | 1.8 (1100%) | - | Stretchability over 1600%, Tension Strength: 0.22 MPa, Compression Strength: 3.5 MPa | 2019 | [44] |
PDMS/AAm/NaCl | Capacitance and resistance are affected by stretch, bend, and pressure | Low Cost Materials and methods | - | - | Ionic Resistivity of 0.06 Ω | 2017 | [45] |
PAAm/LiCl | Low Sheet Resistances and transparency, Brittle | Used as an ionic conductor | - | - | Can operate with over 1000% areal strain Elastic Modulus of 12 kPa | 2016 | [46] |
PAAm/LiCl/Silicone | LED-based systems are limited by low ultimate strain | Fabricate a hyperelastic light-emitting capacitor (HLEC), using a hydrogel | - | - | Stretches to >480% strain | 2016 | [47] |
PAAm/Alginate/PDMS | Low mechanical robustness and compatibility | Hydrogel–Elastomer Hybrid that is stretchable, robust, and biocompatible | - | - | - | 2017 | [48] |
PNAGA-PAMPS/PEDOT-PSSa | Conductive Hydrogels (CHs) are mechanically weak and brittle | PNAGA hydrogels demonstrate high strength, thermoplasticity, and self-healability | - | Self-healed after 3 h in a plastic syringe immersed in a 90 °C water bath | 0.22–0.58 MPa tensile strength, 1.02–7.62 MPa compressive strength, 817–1709% breaking strain | 2017 | [49] |
PVA/CNF | Low sensitivity, stretchability, self-healability, and transparency | Highly sensitive, stretchable, and autonomously self-healing ionic skin—biocompatible | - | Spontaneously Self-Healed in 15 s | Highly Transparent—Transmittance as high as 90%, Modulus of 11.2 kPa, Elongation Rate of 1900% | 2019 | [50] |
PVA/Borax | Low stretchability, self-healing, water retention, biocompatibility | PVA and Borax: biocompatible/highly stretchable/easily dissolvable in aqueous solution/have good mechanical performance | - | Self-healed 10 times without affecting electrical conduction of gel | Can be stretched to strains over 5000% | 2019 | [51] |
Gel | Problems the Gel Tried to Fix | Design Strategy | Healing Time | Adhesion Strength (kPa) | Conclusion | Year | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyrosine Hydrochloride Gel | Poor mechanical properties and self-healing properties | Use dynamic coupling reaction to improve adhesion and self-healing properties | Self 4 h: 25% 12 h: 68% 24 h: 100% | Pigskin: 453 Glass: 265 Stainless Steel: 265 PTFE:329 | This gel exhibited great self-healing abilities. | 2019 | [64] |
MR/PAAc-PAM-PDA Hydrogel | Limited adhesion strength | Introduce MR to enhance adhesion and improve mechanical strength | - | 40 after 60 s | Stretch up to 660% at a tensile strength of 110 kPa. Good self-healing properties | 2019 | [65] |
PEG-D4 Laponite Gel | Weak adhesion, poor biomechanical compatibility. | Add Laponite to PEG-D4 to promote bioactivity increase adhesion and mechanical properties | - | Wt % Laponite 0%: 3.5 1%: 7 2%: 8 | Injectable gel degrades nontoxically. Laponite increases adhesion strength. | 2014 | [53] |
DOPA gel | Unknown effects of DOPA on cohesion and adhesion | Integrate DOPA to the gel to test cohesive and adhesive properties | - | - | Become worse in adhesion at higher pH levels. | 2008 | [67] |
OSDA-DA-PAM Hydrogel | Poor mechanical property, lack of tissue adhesiveness | Crosslink OSA-DA and PAM chains to withstand large deformations | Self 6 h: 80% | - | Improved mechanical properties, Useful self-healing ability. | 2018 | [68] |
PEG-PSMEU Hydrogel | Nuclease degradation, lack of membrane permeability | Combine PEG and PSMEU to better control mechanical properties | longitudinal cutaneous wounds: healed in 7 days | 90 | Higher copolymer concentration leads to higher adhesion strength. | 2018 | [59] |
QCS/PF Gel | Questionable reliability of dressing materials on wound | Increasing content of PF127-CHO increases adhesive strength | - | 6.1 | Good blood-clotting ability | 2018 | [60] |
Cur-QCS/PF Gel | Questionable reliability of dressing materials on wound | Loading the gel with Cur will result tunable antioxidant ability. Greater release rate | - | - | Better healing from greater release rate, Better Collagen levels after 15 days | 2018 | [60] |
PAMPS/PAM DN Gel | Unable to be firmly fixed onto bones by glues. | Inducing bioceramic HAp on the gel surface for robust bonding to bone tissues. | - | - | Bonelike structure by controlling HAp crystal orientation. Bonded to bone tissue. | 2017 | [66] |
PAM-cyclodextrin Gel | Nonstretchable PAM gel has intrinsic brittleness | Combine cyclodextrin acrylate to increase strain | - | - | Quinine inhibited growth of E. Coli. Stretched 16 times original | 2018 | [61] |
PVA-Ph Hydrogel | Challenge in situ formation of hydrogel wound dressings | HRP-catalyzed reaction so the gel can form in situ on wound | 7 days: 77% 10 days: 96% | - | Gelated as quickly as 5 s. Easily pour onto wound. Retained mechanical properties. | 2013 | [58] |
PDA-clay-PAM Hydrogel | Weak adhesive materials and poor mechanical properties | Adding PDA-intercalated clay nanosheets will make it more adhesive | - | Glass: 120 Ti:80.8 PE:80.7 Porcine Skin:28.5 | Strong adhesiveness, High stretchability, Good candidate for delicate surgical adhesive. | 2017 | [63] |
Tough adhesives | Commercial adhesives have weak adhesion vulnerable to debonding | Fabricate family of tough adhesives that can adhere to wet surfaces. | - | On beating porcine heart: 83 | Hemostatic dressing possible, High adhesion energy High matrix toughness | 2018 | [62] |
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Qiao, Z.; Parks, J.; Choi, P.; Ji, H.-F. Applications of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels. Polymers 2019, 11, 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111773
Qiao Z, Parks J, Choi P, Ji H-F. Applications of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels. Polymers. 2019; 11(11):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111773
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiao, Zhen, Jesse Parks, Phillip Choi, and Hai-Feng Ji. 2019. "Applications of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels" Polymers 11, no. 11: 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111773