Biodegradable Rice Starch/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films with Added Propolis Extract for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Microorganisms
2.2. Preparation of RS/CMCh/ppl Films
2.3. Characterization
2.4. TPC
2.5. Antioxidant Activity
2.6. Antimicrobial Capacity
2.7. Biodegradability
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microscope Observations
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. FTIR
3.4. XRD
3.5. Swelling
3.6. Thermal Properties
3.7. Color and Op
3.8. WVP and O2P
3.9. TPC
3.10. Antioxidant Activity
3.11. Antimicrobial Ability
3.12. Biodegradability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sun, L.; Sun, J.; Chen, L.; Niu, P.; Yang, X.; Guo, Y. Preparation and characterization of chitosan film incorporated with thinned young apple polyphenols as an active packaging material. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 163, 81–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Janjarasskul, T.; Krochta, J.M. Edible packaging materials. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 1, 415–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siripatrawan, U.; Vitchayakitti, W. Improving functional properties of chitosan films as active food packaging by incorporating with propolis. Food Hydrocolloids 2016, 61, 695–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Araújo, G.K.P.; de Souza, S.J.; da Silva, M.V.; Yamashita, F.; Gonçalves, O.H.; Leimann, F.V.; Shirai, M.A. Physical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of starch-based film containing ethanolic propolis extract. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 50, 2080–2087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, S.S.; Druzian, J.I.; Machado, B.A.S.; de Souza, C.O.; Guimarães, A.G. Bi-functional biobased packing of the cassava starch, glycerol, licuri nanocellulose and red propolis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e112554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piñeros-Hernandez, D.; Medina-Jaramillo, C.; López-Córdoba, A.; Goyanes, S. Edible cassava starch films carrying rosemary antioxidant extracts for potential use as active food packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 2017, 63, 488–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buratti, S.; Benedetti, S.; Cosio, M.S. Evaluation of the antioxidant power of honey, propolis and royal jelly by amperometric flow injection analysis. Talanta 2007, 71, 1387–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graikou, K.; Kapeta, S.; Aligiannis, N.; Sotiroudis, G.; Chondrogianni, N.; Gonos, E.; Chinou, I. Chemical analysis of greek pollen-antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteasome activation properties. Chem. Cent. J. 2011, 5, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suriyatem, R.; Auras, R.A.; Intipunya, P.; Rachtanapun, P. Predictive mathematical modeling for ec50 calculation of antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability of thai bee products. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 7, 122–133. [Google Scholar]
- Nagai, T.; Sakai, M.; Inoue, R.; Inoue, H.; Suzuki, N. Antioxidative activities of some commercially honeys, royal jelly, and propolis. Food Chem. 2001, 75, 237–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, Y.M.; Noh, D.O.; Cho, S.Y.; Suh, H.J.; Kim, K.M.; Kim, J.M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of propolis from several regions of korea. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 39, 756–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siripatrawan, U.; Vitchayakitti, W.; Sanguandeekul, R. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of thai propolis extracted using ethanol aqueous solution. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 48, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suriyatem, R.; Auras, R.A.; Rachtanapun, P. Improvement of mechanical properties and thermal stability of biodegradable rice starch–based films blended with carboxymethyl chitosan. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 122, 37–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting; ASTM-D882-12; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2012.
- Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials; ASTM-E96/E9M-16; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016.
- Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor; ASTM-D3985-05; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2005.
- Jutaporn, C.T.; Suphitchaya, C.; Thawien, W. Antimicrobial activity and characteristics of edible films incorporated with phayom wood (Shorea tolura) extract. Int. Food Res. J. 2011, 18, 39–54. [Google Scholar]
- Castro-Aguirre, E.; Auras, R.; Selke, S.; Rubino, M.; Marsh, T. Insights on the aerobic biodegradation of polymers by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide in simulated composting conditions. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2017, 137, 251–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions, Incorporating Thermophilic Temperatures; ASTM-D5338-15; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2015.
- Kijchavengkul, T.; Auras, R.; Rubino, M.; Ngouajio, M.; Thomas Fernandez, R. Development of an automatic laboratory-scale respirometric system to measure polymer biodegradability. Polym. Test. 2006, 25, 1006–1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaikwad, K.K.; Singh, S.; Lee, Y.S. A pyrogallol-coated modified ldpe film as an oxygen scavenging film for active packaging materials. Prog. Org. Coat. 2017, 111, 186–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aadil, K.R.; Barapatre, A.; Jha, H. Synthesis and characterization of acacia lignin-gelatin film for its possible application in food packaging. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 2016, 3, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverstein, R.M.; Webster, F.X.; Kiemle, D. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compound, 7th ed.; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Tong, Q.; Xiao, Q.; Lim, L.-T. Preparation and properties of pullulan–alginate–carboxymethylcellulose blend films. Food Res. Int. 2008, 41, 1007–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaewmanee, P. Combined Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis Extract and Myrobalan Extract/Phenolic Compounds. Master’s Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Toledo, L.D.A.S.D.; Bavato, M.I.; Rosseto, H.C.; Cortesi, R.; Bruschi, M.L. Pharmaceutical films made from the waste material from the preparation of propolis extracts: Development and characterization. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 51, 847–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Y.; Yu, M.; Wang, L. Physical and antimicrobial properties of sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2018, 13, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almenar, E.; Auras, R. Permeation, Sorption, and Diffusion in Poly(lactic Acid); John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, USA, 2010; pp. 155–179. [Google Scholar]
- Nand, A.V.; Swift, S.; Uy, B.; Kilmartin, P.A. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of biocompatible low density polyethylene/polyaniline blends. J. Food Eng. 2013, 116, 422–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siripatrawan, U.; Harte, B.R. Physical properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from chitosan incorporated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids 2010, 24, 770–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaewprachu, P.; Osako, K.; Rungraeng, N.; Rawdkuen, S. Characterization of fish myofibrillar protein film incorporated with catechin-kradon extract. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 107, 1463–1473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabaa, M.W.; Abdallah, H.M.; Mohamed, N.A.; Mohamed, R.R. Synthesis, characterization and application of biodegradable crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) clay nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2015, 56, 363–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jahit, I.S.; Nazmi, N.N.M.; Isa, M.I.N.; Sarbon, N.M. Preparation and physical properties of gelatin/cmc/chitosan composite films as affected by drying temperature. Int. Food Res. J. 2016, 23, 1068–1074. [Google Scholar]
- Medina Jaramillo, C.; Gutiérrez, T.J.; Goyanes, S.; Bernal, C.; Famá, L. Biodegradability and plasticizing effect of yerba mate extract on cassava starch edible films. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 151, 150–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to Be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities; ASTM-D6400-12; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2012.
Film Code | ppl (% w/w *) | Film Thickness (mm) | Film Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.0 | 0.147 ± 0.003 a | 1.118 ± 0.003 a |
ppl-2.5% | 2.5 | 0.148 ± 0.002 a | 1.129 ± 0.018 a |
ppl-5.0% | 5.0 | 0.146 ± 0.002 a | 1.168 ± 0.010 b |
ppl-10.0% | 10.0 | 0.162 ± 0.005 b | 1.046 ± 0.005 c |
Film | L* | a* | b* | Op | O2P (×10−19 kg·m/Pa·m2·s) | WVP (×10−14 kg·m/Pa·m2·s) | TPC (mg·GAE/g·Sample) | DPPH (%·Inhibition) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 96.07 ± 0.49 a | –1.12 ± 0.09 a | 06.62 ± 0.47 a | 1.71 ± 0.35 ab | 5.00 ± 0.51 ab | 4.66 ± 0.30 a | - | 39.3 ± 1.6 a |
ppl-2.5% | 84.15 ± 0.50 b | –0.22 ± 0.18 b | 30.08 ± 0.72 b | 2.31 ± 0.54 ab | 4.78 ± 0.04 a | 4.82 ± 0.81 a | 0.210 ± 0.004 a | 45.7 ± 1.6 b |
ppl-5.0% | 81.04 ± 0.84 c | 0.80 ± 0.36 | 38.57 ± 0.85 c | 1.63 ± 0.19 a | 4.73 ± 0.08 a | 4.36 ± 0.53 a | 0.244 ± 0.002 b | 55.0 ± 0.8 c |
ppl-10.0% | 74.08 ± 0.92 d | 5.78 ± 0.43 d | 49.38 ± 0.55 d | 2.04 ± 0.11 b | 5.74 ± 0.18 b | 5.86 ± 0.23 b | 0.408 ± 0.001 c | 69.9 ± 3.3 d |
Film | Inhibition Zone (cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | Bacillus cereus | Escherichia coli | |
Control | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
ppl-2.5% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
ppl-5.0% | 0.81 ± 0.08 a | 0.73 ± 0.03 a | N.D. |
ppl-10.0% | 0.82 ± 0.12 a | 1.02 ± 0.04 b | N.D. |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Suriyatem, R.; Auras, R.A.; Rachtanapun, C.; Rachtanapun, P. Biodegradable Rice Starch/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films with Added Propolis Extract for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging. Polymers 2018, 10, 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090954
Suriyatem R, Auras RA, Rachtanapun C, Rachtanapun P. Biodegradable Rice Starch/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films with Added Propolis Extract for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging. Polymers. 2018; 10(9):954. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090954
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuriyatem, Rungsiri, Rafael A. Auras, Chitsiri Rachtanapun, and Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2018. "Biodegradable Rice Starch/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films with Added Propolis Extract for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging" Polymers 10, no. 9: 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090954