Antimicrobial LDPE/EVOH Layered Films Containing Carvacrol Fabricated by Multiplication Extrusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of HNTs Loaded with Carvacrol
2.3. Preparation of Films
2.4. Characterization of Films
2.4.1. High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.4.2. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4.3. Carvacrol Release Studies
2.4.4. Oxygen Transmission Rate
2.4.5. Antimicrobial In Vitro Assays
3. Results
3.1. Films Preparation and Morphology
3.2. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.3. Carvacrol Release Studies
3.4. Oxygen Transmission Rate
3.5. Antimicrobial Assays
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | LDPE/EVOH Ratio | No. of Layers | Carvacrol Content * (w/w %) | HNTs Content (w/w %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
LDPE/EVOH | 80/20 | 9, 17, 33, 65 | 0 | 0 |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 80/20 | 9, 17, 33, 65 | 6 | 0 |
(LDPE/HNTs)/EVOH | 80/20 | 9, 17, 33, 65 | 0 | 3 |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 80/20 | 9, 17, 33, 65 | 6 | 3 |
Neat LDPE | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 |
LDPE/carvacrol | N/A | 1 | 4 | 0 |
LDPE/(HNTs/carvacrol) | N/A | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Polymer Films | No. of Layers | Pre-Processing Content of Carvacrol (% w/w) | Post-Processing Content of Carvacrol by TGA (% w/w) |
---|---|---|---|
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 9 | 4.8 | 3.2 (0.1) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 17 | 4.8 | 3.1 (0.1) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 33 | 4.8 | 3.4 (0.1) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 65 | 4.8 | 2.9 (0.2) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 9 | 4.8 | 3.2 (0.1) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 17 | 4.8 | 3.4 (0.2) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 33 | 4.8 | 3.2 (0.1) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 65 | 4.8 | 3.3 (0.1) |
Polymer Film | No of Layers | Carvacrol Effective Diffusivity ×1014, m2 s−1 |
---|---|---|
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 9 | 1.11 a (0.19) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 17 | 1.57 b (0.23) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 33 | 2.22 c (0.37) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 65 | 1.35 a,b (0.22) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 9 | 2.45 e (0.08) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 17 | 2.39 e,d (0.33) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 33 | 2.54 e,d (0.39) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 65 | 2.76 d (0.02) |
LDPE/carvacrol | 1 | 418 f (72) |
LDPE/(HNTs/carvacrol) | 1 | 285 g (24) |
Systems | No. of Layers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
9 | 17 | 33 | 65 | |
LDPE/EVOH | 0.26 (0.03) | 0.29 (0.02) | 0.35 (0.02) | 0.41 (0.02) |
(LDPE/carvacrol)/EVOH | 1.49 (0.04) | 1.67 (0.04) | 1.94 (0.04) | 2.14 (0.06) |
(LDPE/HNTs)/EVOH | 0.26 (0.02) | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.30 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.02) |
(LDPE/[HNTs/carvacrol])/EVOH | 1.36 (0.19) | 2.31 (0.06) | 2.52 (0.09) | 3.24 (0.11) |
LDPE/carvacrol | 237.0 (6.5) | |||
LDPE/(HNTs/carvacrol) | 254.2 (7.0) | |||
Neat LDPE | 181.1 (5.1) |
Polymer Composition | No. of Layers | A. alternata In Vitro Growth Reduction (%) x | A. alternata Growth on Cherry Tomato y | Rhisopus spp. Growth on Cherry Tomato y |
---|---|---|---|---|
LDPE control 100% | 1 | 0 ± 0 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
LDPE/EVOH control | 9 | 1.1 ± 2.3 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
LDPE/EVOH control | 17 | 2.9 ± 6.8 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
LDPE/EVOH control | 33 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
LDPE/EVOH control | 65 | 7.9 ± 3.1 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
LDPE/carvacrol/EVOH | 9 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/carvacrol/EVOH | 17 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/carvacrol/EVOH | 33 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/carvacrol/EVOH | 65 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/[HNT/carvacrol]/EVOH | 9 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/[HNT/carvacrol]/EVOH | 17 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/[HNT/carvacrol]/EVOH | 33 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
LDPE/[HNT/carvacrol]/EVOH | 65 | 100 ± 0.0 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
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Krepker, M.; Zhang, C.; Nitzan, N.; Prinz-Setter, O.; Massad-Ivanir, N.; Olah, A.; Baer, E.; Segal, E. Antimicrobial LDPE/EVOH Layered Films Containing Carvacrol Fabricated by Multiplication Extrusion. Polymers 2018, 10, 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080864
Krepker M, Zhang C, Nitzan N, Prinz-Setter O, Massad-Ivanir N, Olah A, Baer E, Segal E. Antimicrobial LDPE/EVOH Layered Films Containing Carvacrol Fabricated by Multiplication Extrusion. Polymers. 2018; 10(8):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080864
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrepker, Max, Cong Zhang, Nadav Nitzan, Ofer Prinz-Setter, Naama Massad-Ivanir, Andrew Olah, Eric Baer, and Ester Segal. 2018. "Antimicrobial LDPE/EVOH Layered Films Containing Carvacrol Fabricated by Multiplication Extrusion" Polymers 10, no. 8: 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080864