Experimental Conditions for the Stabilization of the Lyotropic Biaxial Nematic Mesophase
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Recent Experimental Studies on the Stabilization of the Lyotropic Biaxial Nematic Phase
3.1. Effects of Alkyl-Chain Lengths of Surfactant and Cosurfactant
3.2. Effect of Interactions between Head Groups and Ions of Electrolytes
3.3. Effect of Localization of Weak Electrolytes at Micelle’s Surface
4. Conclusions
- Considering the relative alkyl chain length of both surfactant (m) and alcohol (n), the higher (smaller) the value of the m (n), when compared with the value of n (m), the larger the phase domains of the ND and NB (NC) [11,15]. Indeed, this situation is a result of the molecular segregation of the surfactant and alcohol molecules in the micelles. Remember that according to the IBM model proposed for the stabilization of three lyotropic nematic phases, micelles are assumed to have an orthorhombic symmetry and there exist two main parts in the micelles: the flattest part in the plane perpendicular to the surfactant long molecular axis (A’‒B’ plane in Figure 4a) and the curved part at the rims of the micelles. Our results [11,15] indicated that there is a possibility that more alcohol molecules tend to be located in the curved parts of the micelle when the value of n gets bigger. Consequently, if we have a lyotropic mixture with an alcohol as a cosurfactant exhibiting just ND (NC), and one wants to stabilize the NB phase, we have to change the alcohol by another with shorter (longer) alkyl chain length with respect to that of the main surfactant.
- In the case of the specific interactions between head groups of the surfactants and the counterions/ions of strong electrolytes, in terms of their kosmotropic and chaotropic characters, choosing the surfactant and the electrolyte with slightly opposite (strongly same) character may help to stabilize a lyotropic mixture of the NB (ND) phase. Strongly opposite characters of both ionic species, head groups and the ions present in the mixture, stabilizes the NC phase [12,14].
- The researchers have been using, in general, KL/DeOH/water mixtures to prepare lyotropic mixtures presenting the biaxial nematic phase. However, sometimes the reproducible results could not be obtained. As known, the purity of the KL is very important to obtain the reproducible experimental results. In early studies, the researchers reported in the synthesis of the KL molecule “KL was synthesized by neutralization of lauric acid with KOH”. Here, the term “neutralization” does not include the control of the pH. However, Berejnov et al. showed that the neutralization of all lauric acid to give KL is a crucial point to have reproducible results for any mixture of the surfactant KL [95]. To do so, the reaction pH is kept at ~10.8. Otherwise, if the pH is less than 10.8, some amount of lauric acid may remain in the solution without neutralizing, and then excess of lauric acid and DeOH presence in the lyotropic mixture may cause the esterification of lauric acid. Melnik and Saupe proposed a slow esterification reaction between the alcohol and KL; however, most probably this reaction occurs between the alcohol and lauric acid, instead of the soap [81]. Thus, we can say that the experimentalists have to consider the purity of the KL to have chemically stable lyotropic mixtures.
- check the purities of the surfactant and other ingredients of the lyotropic mixture,
- consider the relative alkyl chain lengths of both surfactant and alcohol molecules,
- choose the surfactant head groups and counterions/ions of electrolytes with oppositely kosmotrope or chaotrope characters.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Akpinar, E.; Figueiredo Neto, A.M. Experimental Conditions for the Stabilization of the Lyotropic Biaxial Nematic Mesophase. Crystals 2019, 9, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030158
Akpinar E, Figueiredo Neto AM. Experimental Conditions for the Stabilization of the Lyotropic Biaxial Nematic Mesophase. Crystals. 2019; 9(3):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030158
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkpinar, Erol, and Antônio Martins Figueiredo Neto. 2019. "Experimental Conditions for the Stabilization of the Lyotropic Biaxial Nematic Mesophase" Crystals 9, no. 3: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030158