Protic Ionic-Liquid Precursor Engineering with Methylammonium Acetate for Efficient and Stable Inverted Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable efficiencies, yet further progress is limited by defect-induced nonradiative recombination and instability associated with uncontrolled crystallization. Here, we develop a protic ionic-liquid precursor engineering strategy based on methylammonium acetate (MAAc) for high-performance inverted (p–i–n) triple-cation perovskite solar cells. Systematic variation of the MAAc content reveals that a moderate concentration yields perovskite films with enlarged grains, suppressed pinholes, and strongly reduced residual PbI₂. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and light-intensity-dependent analysis, demonstrate that MAAc effectively suppresses trap-assisted nonradiative recombination, prolongs carrier lifetime, and increases recombination resistance without introducing additional transport losses. As a result, optimized inverted devices deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 23.68% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.21 V, a fill factor of ~0.83, negligible J–V hysteresis, and excellent device-to-device reproducibility. Moreover, the MAAc-2M devices exhibit markedly improved operational and shelf stability, retaining 73.2% of their initial efficiency after 30 days, compared to 53.2% for the control. This work establishes MAAc as an effective ionic-liquid additive that simultaneously governs crystallization and defect chemistry, offering a general route to efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells via protic ionic-liquid-assisted precursor engineering.