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Volume 15
Issue 7
10.3390/cryst15070599
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca3(BO3)2 Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas

by
Fangyuan Liu
1,
Fuzhou Song
1,
Wanghuai Zhu
1,
Zhengpu Zhang
1,
Zhonghua Yao
2,
Hanxing Liu
2,
Huaao Sun
1,
Guangran Lin
1,
Yue Xu
1,
Lingcui Zhang
1,
Yan Shen
1,
Jinbo Zhao
1,
Zeming Qi
3,
Feng Shi
1,* and
Jinghui Li
4,*
1
Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
2
School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
3
National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
4
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2025, 15(7), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070599 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 May 2025 / Revised: 18 June 2025 / Accepted: 20 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Ca3(BO3)2 microwave dielectric ceramics with space group R-3c (#167) were prepared by cold sintering, and their properties were systematically investigated. Phonon density of state diagrams for the Ca3(BO3)2 lattice were obtained based on first-principles calculations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the lattice vibrational properties of the material. Raman scattering and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the lattice vibrational characteristics, identifying two types of vibrational modes: internal modes associated with the planar bending and symmetric stretching vibrations of the [BO3] group, and external modes linked to the vibrations of the [CaO6] octahedron. The intrinsic dielectric properties were determined by fitting the experimental data using a four-parameter semi-quantum model. The results demonstrate that the dielectric properties of Ca3(BO3)2 ceramics are primarily influenced by the external vibrational modes. The sample under 800 MPa exhibits optimal dielectric performance, with a dielectric constant (εr) of 5.95, a quality factor (Q × f) of 11,836 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of −39.89 ppm/°C. A simulation of this Ca3(BO3)2 sample as a dielectric substrate was conducted using HFSS to fabricate a microstrip patch antenna operating at 14.97 GHz, which exhibits a return loss (S11) of −25.5 dB and a gain of 7.15 dBi.
Keywords: microwave dielectric ceramics; phonon dispersion relation diagrams; lattice vibrational characteristics; dielectric response; microstrip patch antenna microwave dielectric ceramics; phonon dispersion relation diagrams; lattice vibrational characteristics; dielectric response; microstrip patch antenna

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, F.; Song, F.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, Z.; Yao, Z.; Liu, H.; Sun, H.; Lin, G.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, L.; et al. Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca3(BO3)2 Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas. Crystals 2025, 15, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070599

AMA Style

Liu F, Song F, Zhu W, Zhang Z, Yao Z, Liu H, Sun H, Lin G, Xu Y, Zhang L, et al. Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca3(BO3)2 Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas. Crystals. 2025; 15(7):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070599

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Fangyuan, Fuzhou Song, Wanghuai Zhu, Zhengpu Zhang, Zhonghua Yao, Hanxing Liu, Huaao Sun, Guangran Lin, Yue Xu, Lingcui Zhang, and et al. 2025. "Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca3(BO3)2 Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas" Crystals 15, no. 7: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070599

APA Style

Liu, F., Song, F., Zhu, W., Zhang, Z., Yao, Z., Liu, H., Sun, H., Lin, G., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., Shen, Y., Zhao, J., Qi, Z., Shi, F., & Li, J. (2025). Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca3(BO3)2 Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas. Crystals, 15(7), 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070599

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