Modification and Stabilization of Collapsible Loess Using Diammonium Phosphate Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
- The blank control group (UT) served as the reference without any form of stabilization;
- The cement-treated groups (CM-4, CM-6, and CM-8) employed various cement contents to modify and stabilize the loess;
- The DAP-treated groups (DT-0.5, DT-1.0, DT-1.5, DT-2.0, and DT-3.0) employed different concentrations of DAP solution.
2.2.1. Unconfined Uniaxial Compressive Test
- The sieved loess was subsequently dried in an oven over 24 h at a temperature of 105 °C. After allowing the loess to cool to room temperature, an appropriate amount of cement and water, or an equal volume of DAP solution, was added into the loess according to the optimal moisture content ratio and the mix proportions in Table 3. The mixture was thoroughly blended with water for at least 5–10 min to ensure a uniform blend.
- The mixed loess was then placed into a steel mold with dimensions of 50 mm by 100 mm. The loess within the mold was compacted using an electric compactor, and the specimens were removed after their top and bottom surfaces were leveled. The number of compactions for the remaining groups of loess specimens was based on this standard to maintain the degree of compaction and ensure uniformity in the preparation of the specimens. After compaction, the dry density of the untreated loess specimens should achieve 1.72 g/cm3.
- To simulate the curing environment of a roadbed, the demolded cylindrical loess specimens were kept inside a curing chamber set to 23 degrees Celsius and 96% humidity. Five specimens were cured as a group for curing periods of 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d. After curing, they were transferred to an oven and heated at 105 degrees Celsius until the weight remained constant before removal.
2.2.2. Permeability Test
- Both untreated loess (control group) and loess treated with cement/DAP were compressed using an electric compactor to achieve maximum dry density. Subsequently, ring samples were extracted from the compressed specimens. These ring samples were subsequently stored in a conditioning room for a specified age.
- The ring samples were inserted into the container of the saturation permeameter, sealed, and connected to a water head. The water was drained until no bubbles were observed in the overflow water. The permeability coefficient test was conducted when the sample saturation exceeded 0.95.
- At ambient room temperature, the time interval was recorded for the water level’s descent from 90 cm to 70 cm. After each measurement, the water head was raised back to the specified height for another measurement. This process was repeated no less than five times. When the inflow and outflow rates stabilized and showed consistency, the calculated permeability coefficient was determined to represent the saturated permeability coefficient.
2.2.3. Characterization Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Permeability and Porosity
3.3. Micro-Mechanism of DAP Stabilization
3.4. Carbon Emissions and Cost Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grain-Size Fraction | Silty-Fine Sand | Coarse Silt | Fine Silt | Clay |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grain diameter (mm) | >0.05 | 0.01–0.05 | 0.005–0.01 | <0.005 |
Content (%) | 12.4 | 61.9 | 17.3 | 7.9 |
Composition | CaO | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | CO2 | Fe2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 13.0 | 2.93 | 12.9 | 48.0 | 10.3 | 6.23 |
Groups | Cement Content (wt%) | Molar Concentration of DAP (mol/L) | Water Content (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|
UT | 0 | - | 16 |
CM-4 | 4 | - | |
CM-6 | 6 | - | |
CM-8 | 8 | - | |
DT-0.5 | - | 0.5 | |
DT-1.0 | - | 1.0 | |
DT-1.5 | - | 1.5 | |
DT-2.0 | - | 2.0 | |
DT-3.0 | - | 3.0 |
Groups | UT | CM-4 | CM-6 | CM-8 | DT-1.5 | DT-2.0 | DT-3.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Void ratio | 0.542 | 0.525 | 0.518 | 0.505 | 0.502 | 0.493 | 0.489 |
Time (s) | 18 | 40 | 74 | 105 | 98 | 126 | 189 |
Permeability coefficient (10−4 cm/s) | 2.42 | 1.08 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.28 |
Groups | CM-6 3 d | CM-6 14 d | CM-6 28 d | DT-3.0 3 d | DT-3.0 14 d | DT-3.0 28 d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Void ratio | 0.523 | 0.518 | 0.519 | 0.496 | 0.489 | 0.485 |
Time (s) | 78 | 74 | 84 | 143 | 189 | 327 |
Permeability coefficient (10−4 cm/s) | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.13 |
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Ying, C.; Huang, L.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, D. Modification and Stabilization of Collapsible Loess Using Diammonium Phosphate Solution. Crystals 2024, 14, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050426
Ying C, Huang L, Chen H, Zhang Y, Yao D. Modification and Stabilization of Collapsible Loess Using Diammonium Phosphate Solution. Crystals. 2024; 14(5):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050426
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing, Chengjuan, Lingxia Huang, Haiming Chen, Yadong Zhang, and Duoxi Yao. 2024. "Modification and Stabilization of Collapsible Loess Using Diammonium Phosphate Solution" Crystals 14, no. 5: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050426