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Volume 13
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Article

Crystallization Kinetics: Relationship between Crystal Morphology and the Cooling Rate—Applications for Different Geological Materials

by
Namık Aysal
1,*,
Yiğit Kurt
2,
Hüseyin Öztürk
1,
Gulce Ogruc Ildiz
3,
Mehmet Yesiltas
4,
Davut Laçin
1,
Sinan Öngen
1,
Timur Nikitin
5 and
Rui Fausto
3,5
1
Geological Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34555 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Graduate Institute, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34197 Istanbul, Turkey
4
Faculty of Aeronautics and Space Sciences, Kırklareli University, 39100 Kırklareli, Turkey
5
CQC-IMS—Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2023, 13(7), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071130
Submission received: 24 June 2023 / Revised: 13 July 2023 / Accepted: 16 July 2023 / Published: 19 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raman Spectroscopy of Crystalline Materials and Nanostructures)
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Abstract

Crystal morphology is controlled by several physicochemical parameters such as the temperature, pressure, cooling rate, nucleation, diffusion, volatile composition, and viscosity. The development of different crystal morphologies is observed as a function of the cooling rate in many different rock types (i.e., glassy volcanic rocks, and archeometallurgical slags). Crystallization is a two-stage kinetic process that begins with the formation of a nucleus and then continues with the accumulation of ions on it. The shapes of the crystals depend on the degree of undercooling (ΔT), and euhedral crystals, having characteristic forms that reflect their crystallographic internal structure, that grow just below their liquidus temperature. In this study, crystal morphologies in different minerals (e.g., quartz, sanidine, olivine, pyroxene, magnetite, etc.) that had developed in silicic volcanic rocks (spherulites) and slags from ancient mining were investigated and characterized using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (SEM-EDX) spectroscopic techniques. Depending on the increase in the cooling rate, quartz, feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite minerals were found to crystallize in subhedral, skeletal, dendritic, spherical, bow-tie and fibrous forms in glassy volcanic rocks and archeometallurgical slags.
Keywords: crystallization kinetics; undercooling; crystal morphology; archeometallurgical slags crystallization kinetics; undercooling; crystal morphology; archeometallurgical slags

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aysal, N.; Kurt, Y.; Öztürk, H.; Ildiz, G.O.; Yesiltas, M.; Laçin, D.; Öngen, S.; Nikitin, T.; Fausto, R. Crystallization Kinetics: Relationship between Crystal Morphology and the Cooling Rate—Applications for Different Geological Materials. Crystals 2023, 13, 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071130

AMA Style

Aysal N, Kurt Y, Öztürk H, Ildiz GO, Yesiltas M, Laçin D, Öngen S, Nikitin T, Fausto R. Crystallization Kinetics: Relationship between Crystal Morphology and the Cooling Rate—Applications for Different Geological Materials. Crystals. 2023; 13(7):1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071130

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aysal, Namık, Yiğit Kurt, Hüseyin Öztürk, Gulce Ogruc Ildiz, Mehmet Yesiltas, Davut Laçin, Sinan Öngen, Timur Nikitin, and Rui Fausto. 2023. "Crystallization Kinetics: Relationship between Crystal Morphology and the Cooling Rate—Applications for Different Geological Materials" Crystals 13, no. 7: 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071130

APA Style

Aysal, N., Kurt, Y., Öztürk, H., Ildiz, G. O., Yesiltas, M., Laçin, D., Öngen, S., Nikitin, T., & Fausto, R. (2023). Crystallization Kinetics: Relationship between Crystal Morphology and the Cooling Rate—Applications for Different Geological Materials. Crystals, 13(7), 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071130

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