Heterogeneous Ice Growth in Micron-Sized Water Droplets Due to Spontaneous Freezing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Experiment
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Shot Selection
2.2.2. Ensemble Averaging and Data Segmentation
2.2.3. Phase Composition and Cubicity
2.2.4. Image Segmentation and Peak Finding
2.2.5. Peak Center of Mass and Sphericity
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Sphericity and Relative Intensity Statistics
Appendix A.2. Gaussian Filtering and Contour Detection
Appendix A.3. Cubicity Estimate
Appendix A.4. Stacking and Orientational Disorder Observed in Single-Shot Diffraction Patterns
References
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Travel Time (ms) | T (K) | Total Hits | Total Peaks | Hits above 50 ADU/pixel | Hits below 50 ADU/pixel | Peaks above 50 ADU/pixel | Peaks below 50 ADU/pixel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.91 | 230 | 1113 | 8997 | 1034 | 79 | 8708 | 289 |
4.41 | 229 | 3985 | 21,575 | 2771 | 1214 | 18,005 | 3570 |
4.89 | 228 | 3457 | 25,936 | 920 | 2537 | 5402 | 20,534 |
Directions (hkl) | Travel Time (ms) | Hits ≥ 50 ADU/pixel | Hits < 50 ADU/pixel | Peaks ≥ 50 ADU/pixel | Peaks < 50 ADU/pixel | Circular Peaks ADU/pixel | Non-Circular Peaks ADU/pixel | Structured Peaks ADU/pixel | Circular Peaks ADU/pixel | Non-Circular Peaks ADU/pixel | Structured Peaks ADU/pixel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(100) | 3.91 | 776 | 22 | 1547 | 26 | 1039 | 25 | 251 | 9 | 2 | 6 |
4.41 | 1846 | 414 | 3030 | 456 | 1867 | 80 | 505 | 179 | 17 | 43 | |
4.89 | 567 | 828 | 913 | 949 | 500 | 21 | 165 | 425 | 16 | 151 | |
(002) | 3.91 | 723 | 36 | 1314 | 45 | 473 | 39 | 520 | 16 | 0 | 9 |
4.41 | 1602 | 451 | 2526 | 504 | 874 | 55 | 939 | 135 | 7 | 121 | |
4.89 | 493 | 864 | 707 | 958 | 189 | 23 | 284 | 327 | 12 | 268 | |
(101) | 3.91 | 717 | 25 | 1267 | 33 | 473 | 30 | 405 | 14 | 0 | 7 |
4.41 | 1714 | 331 | 2850 | 412 | 1206 | 59 | 810 | 146 | 10 | 91 | |
4.89 | 489 | 618 | 790 | 733 | 326 | 14 | 259 | 287 | 8 | 168 | |
(102) | 3.91 | 457 | 10 | 666 | 11 | 178 | 31 | 313 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
4.41 | 1213 | 161 | 1712 | 199 | 636 | 54 | 675 | 76 | 9 | 66 | |
4.89 | 374 | 389 | 569 | 442 | 223 | 12 | 200 | 181 | 6 | 121 | |
(110) | 3.91 | 458 | 25 | 695 | 39 | 168 | 22 | 387 | 6 | 1 | 26 |
4.41 | 1165 | 333 | 1668 | 429 | 503 | 54 | 829 | 137 | 7 | 114 | |
4.89 | 399 | 1275 | 593 | 1897 | 210 | 25 | 240 | 755 | 103 | 669 | |
(103) | 3.91 | 269 | 11 | 345 | 22 | 69 | 15 | 209 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
4.41 | 760 | 189 | 979 | 266 | 259 | 47 | 507 | 57 | 8 | 143 | |
4.89 | 279 | 793 | 383 | 1295 | 104 | 11 | 179 | 290 | 19 | 709 | |
(200), (112), (201) | 3.91 | 408 | 13 | 537 | 34 | 206 | 6 | 183 | 1 | 1 | 29 |
4.41 | 873 | 209 | 1111 | 533 | 429 | 21 | 368 | 57 | 4 | 3718 | |
4.89 | 254 | 967 | 332 | 6305 | 115 | 7 | 105 | 110 | 40 | 6028 |
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Esmaeildoost, N.; Jönsson, O.; McQueen, T.A.; Ladd-Parada, M.; Laksmono, H.; Loh, N.-T.D.; Sellberg, J.A. Heterogeneous Ice Growth in Micron-Sized Water Droplets Due to Spontaneous Freezing. Crystals 2022, 12, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010065
Esmaeildoost N, Jönsson O, McQueen TA, Ladd-Parada M, Laksmono H, Loh N-TD, Sellberg JA. Heterogeneous Ice Growth in Micron-Sized Water Droplets Due to Spontaneous Freezing. Crystals. 2022; 12(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010065
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsmaeildoost, Niloofar, Olof Jönsson, Trevor A. McQueen, Marjorie Ladd-Parada, Hartawan Laksmono, Ne-Te Duane Loh, and Jonas A. Sellberg. 2022. "Heterogeneous Ice Growth in Micron-Sized Water Droplets Due to Spontaneous Freezing" Crystals 12, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010065